Radiographically, odontogenic myxomas appear most commonly as multilocular radiolucencies with ill-defined borders, though unilocular cyst-like tumors can occur, especially when associated with impacted teeth or when discovered in childhood. Ideally, the septa that cause the multilocular feature are thin and straight, producing a tennis racket or stepladder pattern. In reality, the majority of the septa visible in the tumor are curved and coarse, causing a "soap bubble" or "honeycomb" appearance, though locating one or two straight septa can aide in the diagnosis of this tumor.

Odontogenic myxomas have been found in patients ranging in age between 10 and 50 years, however, they are most commonly diagnosed in young adults (specifically between 25 and 35 years of age). The mandible is more likely to be affected than the maxilla. The region between the molar and premolar is the site of most common occurrence for multilocular lesions while the anterior portion of the mouth favors a smaller, unilocular variety.

Patients afflicted with an odontogenic myxoma generally notice a painless, slowly enlarging expansion of the jaw with possible tooth loosening or displacement. As the tumor expands, it frequently infiltrates adjacent structures. Maxillary lesions frequently enter the sinuses while mandibular tumors often extend into the ramus.

Swelling is the most common presenting complaint; however, OKCs may be asymptomatic and found incidentally on dental X-rays.

Malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma may occur, but is unusual.

The central odontogenic fibroma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor. It is more common in adults, with the average age being 40. It is twice as likely to affect women than men. It is usually found either in the anterior maxilla or the posterior mandible. Radiographically it presents with either radiolucency or mixed radiolucency/opaque. The simple type is characterized by delicate fibrillar stroma of collagen containing fibroblasts; the WHO type is characterized by more mature fibrillar stroma of collagen. Treatment is by surgical removal

Two thirds of cases are located in the anterior maxilla, and one third are present in the anterior mandible.

Two thirds of the cases are associated with an impacted tooth (usually being the canine).

On radiographs, the adenomatoid odontogenic tumor presents as a radiolucency (dark area) around an unerupted tooth extending past the cementoenamel junction.

It should be differentially diagnosed from a dentigerous cyst and the main difference is that the radiolucency in case of AOT extends apically beyond the cementoenamel junction.

Radiographs will exhibit faint flecks of radiopacities surrounded by a radiolucent zone.

It is sometimes misdiagnosed as a cyst.

An ossifying fibromyxoid tumour is a type of myxoma. It presents in the extremities more frequently than the trunk. It is derived from mesenchyme. Appearance in the head and neck is rare, but has been reported. Their malignancy has been characterized as "intermediate".

Cementoblastoma usually occurs in people under the age of 25, particularly males. It usually involves the permanent mandibular molars or premolars. The involved tooth usually has a vital pulp. It is attached to the tooth root and may cause its resorption, may involve the pulp canal, grows slowly, tends to expand the overlying cortical plates, and, except for the enlargement produced, is usually asymptomatic. This involves the buccal and lingual aspects of the alveolar ridges. But may be associated with diffuse pain and tooth mobility, but the tooth is still vital.

Since a cementoblastoma is a benign neoplasm, it grossly forms a mass of cementum-like tissue as an irregular or round mass attached to the roots of a tooth, usually the permanent mandibular first molar.

An odontogenic tumor is a neoplasm of the cells or tissues that initiate odontogenic processes.

Examples include:

- Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor

- Ameloblastoma, a type of odontogenic tumor involving ameloblasts

- Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor

- Keratocystic odontogenic tumor

- Odontogenic myxoma

- Odontoma

A cementoblastoma in a radiograph appears as a well-defined, markedly radiopaque mass, with a radiolucent peripheral line, which overlies and obliterates the tooth root. it is described as having a rounded or sunburst appearance. There is usually apparent external resorption of the root where the tumor and the root join. Severe hypercementosis and chronic focal sclerosing osteomyelitis are lesions to consider in the differential diagnosis of this lesion.

The peripheral odontogenic fibroma is an uncommon gingival mass. It affects people across a large age range. It can be confused with the peripheral ossifying fibroma. In contrast to the peripheral ossifying fibroma, the peripheral odontogenic fibroma is a rare lesion.

No specific gender predilection while the ages of the patients ranged from 5 to 65 years.commonly seen in mandible than maxilla.

slow growing, solid, firmly attached gingival mass sometimes arising between teeth and sometimes displacing teeth.

consists of cellular fibrous connective tissue parenchyma with non neoplastic islands, strands of clouman or cuboidal odontogenic epithelium.

The squamous odontogenic tumor is a rare odontogenic tumor found in any area of the alveolar bone. Usually, there is a painless swelling with adjacent teeth becoming mobile. On radiographs, it presents as a radiolucency (dark area) between the teeth in a triangular shape. Clinically, it may present similar to periodontal disease.

Four types of cementomas are described :

- Benign cementoblastoma

- Periapical cemental dysplasia

- Multiple apical cementomas

- Gigantiform cementoma

frequency:- rare type of cyst

It can occur at any age, mostly between 2nd and 3rd decade of life.

Diameter is 2 to 4 cm

swelling pain maybe present.

intra bony expansions may produce hard bony expansion.

may perforate cortical bones

also it extends to soft tissue

maybe asymptomatic

The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is an odontogenic tumor arising from the enamel organ or dental lamina.

Most cysts in the body are benign (dysfunctional) tumors, the result of plugged ducts or other natural body outlets for secretions. However, sometimes these masses are considered neoplasm:

- Keratocyst

- Calcifying odotogenic cyst

- According to the current (2005) classification of the World Health Organization, both (parakeratizied) odontogenic keratocyst and calcifying odotogenic cyst have neoplastic characteristics, thus renamed as Keratocystic odontogenic tumor and Calcifying odotogenic tumor, respectively.

- Cystic ameloblastoma

- Long standing dentigerous cyst, odontogenic keratocyst, and residual cyst may have neoplastic potential converting into the locally aggressive ameloblastoma, or the malignant squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Cysts rarely cause any symptoms, unless they become secondarily infected. The signs depend mostly upon the size and location of the cyst. If the cyst has not expanded beyond the normal anatomical boundaries of the bone, then there will be no palpable lump outside or inside the mouth. The vast majority of cysts expand slowly, and the surrounding bone has time to increase its density around the lesion, which is the body's attempt to isolate the lesion. Cysts that have expanded beyond the normal anatomic boundaries of a bone are still often covered with a thin layer of new bone. At this stage, there may be a sign termed "eggshell cracking", where the thinned cortical plate cracks when pressure is applied. A lump may be felt, which may feel hard if there is still bone covering the cyst, or fluctuant if the cyst has eroded through the bone surrounding it. A cyst may become acutely infected, and discharge into the oral cavity via a sinus. Adjacent teeth may be loosened, tilted or even moved bodily. Rarely, roots of teeth are resorbed, depending upon the type of cyst. The inferior alveolar nerve runs through the mandible and supplies sensation to the lower lip and chin. As most cysts expand slowly, there will be no altered sensation (anesthesia or paraesthesia), since the inferior alveolar canal is harmlessly enveloped or displaced over time. More aggressive cysts, or acute infection of any cyst may cause altered sensation.

CGCG lesions are found more commonly in the anterior of the maxilla and the mandible in younger people (before age 20). They are characterized by large lesions that expand the cortical plate and can resorb roots and move teeth. They are composed of multi-nucleated giant cells. CGCG has a slight predilection for females.

Radiographically :

It appears as multilocular radiolucencies of bone.The margin of the lesion has scalloped appearance and is well demarcated. Resorption and divergence of roots is also seen.

There are two types of CGCG's, non-aggressive and aggressive. The former has a slow rate of growth and thus less likely to resorb roots and perforate the cortical plate. The aggressive form has rapid growth and thus is much more likely to resorb roots and perforate the cortical plate. It also has a high rate for recurrence and can be painful and cause paresthesia.

Differential diagnosis to include: odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), ameloblastoma, odontogenic myxoma, hemangioma, central odontogenic fibroma, hyperparathyroid tumor, and cherubism.

The calcifying odotogenic cyst or the Gorlin cyst, now known in the WHO Classification of Tumours as the calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, is a benign odontogenic tumor of cystic type most likely to affect the anterior areas of the jaws. It is most common in people in their second to third decades but can be seen at almost any age. On radiographs, the calcifying odontogenic cyst appears as a unilocular radiolucency (dark area). In one-third of cases, an impacted tooth is involved. Microscopically, there are many cells that are described as "ghost cells", enlarged eosinophilic epithelial cells without nuclei.

Odontogenic cyst are a group of jaw cysts that are formed from tissues involved in odontogenesis (tooth development). Odontogenic cysts are closed sacs, and have a distinct membrane derived from rests of odontogenic epithelium. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. Intra-bony cysts are most common in the jaws, because the mandible and maxilla are the only bones with epithelial components. That odontogenic epithelium is critical in normal tooth development. However, epithelial rests may be the origin for the cyst lining later.

Not all oral cysts are odontogenic cyst. For example, mucous cyst of the oral mucosa and nasolabial duct cyst are not of odontogenic origin.

In addition, there are several conditions with so-called (radiographic) 'pseudocystic appearance' in jaws; ranging from anatomic variants such as Stafne static bone cyst, to the aggressive aneurysmal bone cyst.

Cementoma is an odontogenic tumor of cementum. It usually occurs after root development is finished, found predominantly in African American women older than 40. It is found most commonly in the mandible in the region of the lower molar teeth. It causes distortion of surrounding areas but is a usually painless growth, at least initially. Considerable thickening of the cementum can often be observed. A periapical form is also recognized.

Odontogenic cysts have histologic origins in the cells of the dental structures. Some are inflammatory while others are developmental.

- Radicular cyst is the most common (up to two thirds of all cysts of the jaws). This inflammatory cyst originated from a reaction to dental pulp necrosis.

- Dentigerous cyst, the second most prevalent cyst, is associated with the crown of non-erupted tooth.

- Odontogenic keratocyst, which now is considered as tumor, and therefore called "Keratocystic odontogenic tumor". This lesion may be associated with the Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

- Buccal bifurcation cyst which appears in the buccal bifurcation region of the mandibular first molars in the second half of the first decade of life.

- Eruption cyst; a small cyst in the gingiva as a tooth erupts, forming from the degenerating dental follicle

- Primordial cyst; previous thought to be a unique entity. Most primordial cysts have proven to be Keratocystic odontogenic tumors

- Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst; a variant of the Keratocystic odontogenic tumor

- Gingival cyst of the newborn; an inclusion cyst from remanents of the dental lamina on a newborn gingiva

- Gingival cyst of the adult; a soft tissue variant of the lateral periodontal cyst

- Lateral periodontal cyst; a non-inflammatory cyst (vs a radicular cyst) on the side of a tooth derived from remanents of the dental lamina

- Calcifying odontogenic cyst; a rare lesion with cystic and neoplastic features and significant diversity in presentation, histology and prognosis

- Glandular odontogenic cyst; cyst with respiratory like epithelial lining and the potential for recurrence with characteristics similar to a central variant of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma

The glandular odontogenic cyst is a rare odontogenic cyst. In 85% of cases, it is found in the mandible, especially in anterior areas. It is more common in adults in their fifth and sixth decades. On radiographs, it can appear as a unilocular or multilocular radiolucency (dark area). Since the glandular odontogenic cyst can range in size, treatment can be as simple as enucleation and curettage to en bloc resection of the affected jaw.

A cutaneous myxoma, a.k.a. superficial angiomyxoma, consists of a multilobulated myxoid mass containing stellate or spindled fibroblasts with pools of mucin forming cleft-like spaces. There is often a proliferation of blood vessels and an inflammatory infiltrate. Staining is positive for vimentin, negative for cytokeratin and desmin, and variable for CD34, Factor VIIIa, SMA, MSA and S-100.

Clinically, it may present as solitary or multiple flesh-colored nodules on the face, trunk, or extremities. It may occur as part of the Carney complex, and is sometimes the first sign. Local recurrence is common.

There are two main types: compound and complex.

- A "compound" odontoma still has the three separate dental tissues (enamel, dentin and cementum), but may present a lobulated appearance where there is no definitive demarcation of separate tissues between the individual "toothlets" (or denticles). It usually appears in the anterior maxilla.

- The "complex" type is unrecognizable as dental tissues, usually presenting as a radioopaque area with varying densities. It usually appears in the posterior maxilla or in the mandible.

In addition to the above forms, the dilated odontoma is an infrequent developmental alteration that appears in any area of the dental arches and can affect deciduous, permanent and supernumerary teeth. Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting from invagination of a portion of crown forming within the enamel organ during odontogenesis. The most extreme form of dens invaginatus is known as dilated odontoma.