Dead arm, sometimes grape canker, is a disease of grapes caused by a deep-seated wood rot of the arms or trunk of the grapevine. As the disease progresses over several years, one or more arms may die, hence the name "dead arm". Eventually the whole vine will die. In the 1970s, dead-arm was identified as really being two diseases, caused by two different fungi, "Eutypa lata" and "Phomopsis viticola" (syn. "Cryptosporella viticola").

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) are the most destructive diseases of vineyards worldwide. Fungicides (such as sodium arsenite or 8-hydroxyquinoline, used to fight esca) with the potential to control GTD have been banned in Europe and there are no highly effective treatments available. Action to develop new strategies to fight these diseases are needed.

The following fungal species are responsible for grapevine trunk diseases:

- "Botryosphaeria dothidea" and other "Botryosphaeria" species, such as , "B. obtusa", "B. parva" and "B. australis",

- "Cylindrocarpon" spp., "Ilyonectria" spp., "Dactylonectria" spp. and "Campylocarpon" spp.(cause of black foot disease)

- "Diplodia seriata" (cause of bot canker)

- "Diplodia mutila" (cause of Botryosphaeria dieback)

- "Dothiorella iberica"

- "Dothiorella viticola"

- "Eutypa lata" (cause of Eutypa dieback)

- "Fomitiporia mediterranea" (cause of esca)

- "Lasiodiplodia theobromae" (cause of Botryosphaeria dieback)

- "Neofusicoccum australe"

- "Neofusicoccum luteum"

- "Neofusicoccom parvum"

- "Phaeoacremonium minimum" (cause of esca and Petri disease) and other "Phaeoacremonium" species

- "Phaeomoniella chlamydospora" (cause of esca and Petri disease)

Dead arm is a disease that causes symptoms in the common grapevine species, "vitis vinifera", in many regions of the world. This disease is mainly caused by the fungal pathogen, "Phomopsis viticola", and is known to affect many cultivars of table grapes, such as Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, and Flame Seedless. Early in the growing season, the disease can delay the growth of the plant and cause leaves to turn yellow and curl. Small, brown spots on the shoots and leaf veins are very common first symptoms of this disease. Soil moisture and temperature can impact the severity of symptoms, leading to a systemic infection in warm, wet conditions. As the name of this disease suggests, it also causes one or more arms of the grapevine to die, often leading to death of the entire vine.

Bleeding canker of horse chestnut is a common canker of horse chestnut trees ("Aesculus hippocastanum", also known as conker trees) that is known to be caused by infection with several different pathogens.

Infections by the gram-negative fluorescent bacterium "Pseudomonas syringae" pathovar "aesculi" are a new phenomenon, and have caused most of the bleeding cankers on horse chestnut that are now frequently seen in Britain.

Initial symptoms include large, angular or blocky, yellow areas visible on the upper surface. As lesions mature, they expand rapidly and turn brown. The under surface of infected leaves appears watersoaked. Upon closer inspection, a purple-brown mold (see arrow) becomes apparent. Small spores shaped like footballs can be observed among the mold with a 10x hand lens. In disease-favorable conditions (cool nights with long dew periods), downy mildew will spread rapidly, destroying leaf tissue without affecting stems or petioles.

Black pod disease is caused by many different "Phytophthora spp." pathogens all expressing the same symptoms in cocoa trees ("Theobroma cacao"). This pathogen if left untreated can destroy all yields; annually the pathogen can cause a yield loss of up to 1/3 and up to 10% of total trees can be lost completely. With the value of the cocoa industry throughout the world being so large there are much research and control efforts that go into these "Phytophthora spp." pathogens.

This pathogen can be located anywhere on the cocoa trees but is most noted for the black mummified look it will give to the fruit of the cocoa tree. Staying ahead of the pathogen is the best means of control, the pathogen can be greatly reduced if leaf litter is not allowed to stay on the ground and if the pathogen gets out of hand chemical control can be used. This pathogen is mostly found in tropical areas where the cocoa trees are located and need rainfall in order to spread its spores.

Downy mildew refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to Peronosporaceae. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. The prime example is "Peronospora farinosa" featured in NCBI-Taxonomy and HYP3. This pathogen does not produce survival structures in the northern states of the United States, and overwinters as live mildew colonies in Gulf Coast states. It progresses northward with cucurbit production each spring. Yield loss associated with downy mildew is most likely related to soft rots that occur after plant canopies collapse and sunburn occurs on fruit. Cucurbit downy mildew only affects leaves of cucurbit plants.

Esca is a grape disease of mature grapevines. It is a type of grapevine trunk disease.

The fungi "Phaeoacremonium aleophilum", "Phaeomoniella chlamydospora" and "Fomitiporia mediterranea" are associated with the disease.

Cuterebriasis is a parasitic disease affecting rodents, lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, pikas), felines and canines. The etiologic agent is the larval development of bot flies within the "Cuterebra" or "Trypoderma" genera, which occurs obligatorily in rodents and lagomorphs, respectively. Felines and canines serve as accidental hosts, but research suggests only by "Trypoderma" spp. Entrance into the body by first instar larva occurs via mucous membranes of natural orifices or open wounds as opposed to direct dermic penetration.

"Rabbits, Hares & Lagomorphs"

Usually there do not appear to be any clinical signs. Subcutaneous cysts, warbles, may present upon larval deposition out of the body at maturation.

"Felines & Canines"

There are three forms in which Cuterebriasis may present:

- Myasis

- Cerebrospinal

- Respiratory

Myasis involves subcutaneous cyst formation due to 3rd larval instar maturation, occurring ~30 days post-entry into the body. Cysts are often found on the face, neck and trunk, but location varies with larval migration within the host. Serous discharge may be observed from these cysts, which are typically 3-5mm in diameter and include a central pore through which the larvae respire. This pore also serves as a means of exit for the larvae, which occurs anywhere between 3 and 8 weeks post-entry.

Cerebrospinal cuterebriasis results from larval migration to the brain. This is seen in cats, and is the proposed cause for feline ischemic encephalopathy and a suggestive causative agent of feline idiopathic vestibular disease. Symptoms of this type of presentation include lethargy, seizures, blindness, abnormal vocalization or gait, circling, and abnormal or no reflex responses. When affecting the central nervous system, cats are known to exhibit violent sneezing attacks that can onset weeks prior to manifestation of other clinical signs.

Respiratory disease results when larval migration occurs through the trachea, pharynx, diaphragm, or lungs. Cuterebriasis has been increasingly noted as a cause for dyspnea in felines.

In the past few years, the bacterial pathogen "Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi" has emerged as a new and virulent agent for this disease in Western Europe. Specific to horse chestnut trees, this pathogen infects the bark (cambium) around the trunk and main branches. As it spreads, it cuts off the water supply to the crown; and when it completely encircles the trunk, the tree will die.

This particular infective agent emerged in the past few years, and has now spread rapidly to infect many trees in Western Europe.

Initially the outbreak was attributed to "Phytophthora", until DNA tests suggested that a pathovar of "Pseudomonas syringae" was responsible; and this hypothesis was confirmed in 2007 with tests satisfying Koch's postulates.

The disease has risen markedly in the UK since 2003, and now approximately one half of all horse chestnuts in Great Britain are affected and showing symptoms to some degree.

The disease is spreading at an alarming rate in the Netherlands,

where one third of all horse chestnuts are affected to a greater or lesser extent.

A similar upsurge is reported in Belgium and France.

Elephants with floppy trunk syndrome typically initially exhibit a loss of their trunk's prehensile abilities. The paralysis has been observed to start at the tip and work its way upward over the course of several months. As their trunks become increasingly paralyzed, elephants have difficulty feeding and learn to use their front feet or throw their trunk over branches to aid feeding. To avoid stomping on their trunk while walking, an elephant afflicted with the condition would fling their trunk over their tusks. In later stages of paralysis, affected elephants needed to submerge themselves partially in water to drink. However, despite these learned adaptations, affected elephants were observed as emaciated, suffering from muscle atrophy and a lack of visceral fat. Untreated, this handicap could result in starvation.

Floppy trunk syndrome (abbreviated FTS, also known as flaccid trunk paralysis) is a condition that causes trunk paralysis in African bush elephants. Initially observed in 1989, the syndrome primarily affected bull elephants in several select regions in Zimbabwe. Afflicted elephants exhibit paralysis in their trunk, often having to adapt to feed. The loss of their trunks' prehensile abilities results in malnutrition and possibly death. The condition is a result of degeneration of nerves in the trunk, and is suggested to be a result of either heavy metals or toxins. There is debate over whether the condition is reversible.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (also known as "Post-kala-azar dermatosis") is a cutaneous condition that is characterized by depigmented macular, maculopapular and nodular eruptions found mainly on the face, arms, and upper part of the trunk. It occurs years(in the Indian variation)or a few months(in the African strain) after the successful treatment of visceral leishmaniasis

Granuloma multiforme (also known as "Mkar disease" and "granuloma multiforme (Leiker)") is a cutaneous condition most commonly seen in central Africa, and rarely elsewhere, characterized by skin lesions that are on the upper trunk and arms in sun-exposed areas. It may be confused with tuberculoid leprosy, with which it has clinical similarities. The condition was first noted by Gosset in the 1940s, but it was not until 1964 that Leiker coined the term to describe "a disease resembling leprosy" in his study in Nigeria.

The symptom of black pod disease is the necrotic lesion on the cocoa pod with brown or black color, which eventually enlarged to cover the whole pod. White mycelia growth on lesions that appeared several days after infection is the sign for the causal pathogen of black pod disease, which is "Phytophthora spp".

Black pod disease starts when the infected pod shows some little yellow spots, which eventually turn brown and enlarge to a dark brown or black lesion within five days. The lesion is fast growing and covers the entire pod after eighth day of infection. The infection does not only occur on the pod surface, but also invades inside the pod affecting the beans. The growth of white mycelia on black pod is visible after 11 days and the sporulation is initiated. The dispersal of sporangia or zoospores through water, ants and other insects occurs at this stage and will infect other healthy pods nearby. Direct contact of a black pod with healthy pods also leads to the spread of disease. In addition, the infected flower cushion and mummified pods are the locations for "P. palmivora" survival during dry season, where the pathogen will grow and continue to infect other developing pods

The infection occurs on any stage of pod development, where it causes wilting and dying of young pods and destroyed the beans of mature pods. The fully infected pods (the mummified pod), which then become dehydrated, are capable of providing the inoculum of "P. palmivora" for at least 3 years. "P. megakarya" causes the same symptom as "P. palmivora", but the occurrence is faster and generally produces greater amount of spores. Both "P. palmivora" and "P. megakarya" also caused canker on bark, flower cushion and chupons, and cankers on the base could extend to the main roots. Cankers were identified as one of inoculum sources for black pod disease. Furthermore, the pattern of infection caused by "P. megakarya" starts from the ground and moves up to the canopy, however there is no distinct pattern of disease infection caused by "P. palmivora" was reported. This pattern of infection could be due to "P. megakarya" and "P. palmivora" that were found to survive in soil and "P. megakarya" could be surviving in the roots of a few species of shade trees found in cocoa plantation.

Symptoms include severe seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, severe diarrhea, recurrent local and systemic infection, central nervous system problems, and failure to thrive. Other symptoms also include scaling on the trunk and limbs, red patches of skin on parts of the body that bend, fevers, reduced blood protein levels, thick red skin patches, peeling of the skin, itching, corneal ulcers. wasting of the lymph nodes, underdeveloped lymphatics, anemia, wasting, and nervous system deficiency. The disease may then spread to the rest of the epidermis with the appearance of crusty, dry, moist or greasy scaling on the scalp. Scaling could also appear behind the ears, nose or eyebrows, or around the mouth; peeling of the skin may also happen in these areas. If left untreated, the skin infections will cause loss of protein or electrolytes. Leiner’s Disease may also be accompanied by a systemic reaction that is most evident in its gastrointestinal manifestation.

It is caused by a deficit of the complement protein, C5; however, case reports have described it in relation to deficits in either C3 or C4.

Small plaque parapsoriasis (also known as chronic superficial dermatitis) characteristically occurs with skin lesions that are round, oval, discrete patches or thin plaques, mainly on the trunk.

Subtypes:

- "Xanthoerythrodermia perstans" is a distinct variant with lesions that are yellow in color.

- "Digitate dermatosis" is a distinct variant of with lesions in the shape of a finger and distributed symmetrically on the flanks.

The condition was originally considered characteristic of rubella, but is now considered to be potentially associated with many other conditions, such as cytomegalovirus and metastatic neuroblastoma.

A dilated pore, also known as a dilated pore of Winer, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a solitary, prominent, open comedo on the face or upper trunk of an individual. They can occur on either young or elderly individuals. They are benign; however, they can be considered unsightly. The only curative method of removal is a punch excision, usually 1–3 mm. Lasers and other superficial means of removal have proven to be ineffective.

Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation is a skin condition developing in young persons, with an average age of 11, characterized by asymptomatic widespread brown to gray macules of up to several centimeters in diameter on the neck, trunk, and proximal extremities.

Leiner's disease is a systemic disease, a skin disorder and extends to erythroderma, typically diagnosed in early infancy. Leiner’s disease is characterized by a long-lasting seborrhea dermatitis associated with increased likelihood to infection. Other characterizations found on newborns with Leiner’s disease are a patch or a large patch of red skin normally on the bottom and spreads to the rest of the body.

This disease is also listed as a "rare disease", meaning that a small percent of the population, fewer than 200,000 people in the United States, will have this disorder.

Bejel usually begins in childhood as a small mucous patch, often on the interior of the mouth, followed by the appearance of raised, eroding lesions on the limbs and trunk. Periostitis (inflammation) of the leg bones is commonly seen, and gummas of the nose and soft palate develop in later stages.

Blueberry muffin baby is the characteristic distributed purpura occurring as a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis found in infants. The purpura are often generalized, but occur more often on the trunk, head, and neck. The name is from the superficial similarity to a blueberry muffin.

Gianotti–Crosti syndrome mainly affects infants and young children. Children as young as 1.5 months and up to 12 years of age are reported to be affected. It is generally recognized as a papular or papulovesicular skin rash occurring mainly on the face and distal aspects of the four limbs. Purpura is generally not seen but may develop upon tourniquet test. However, extensive purpura without any hemorrhagic disorder has been reported. The presence of less lesions on the trunk does not exclude the diagnosis. Lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly are sometimes noted. Raised AST and ALT levels with no rise in conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin levels are sometimes detectable, although the absence of such does not exclude the diagnosis. Spontaneous disappearance of the rash usually occurs after 15 to 60 days.