In this condition the posterior uveitis shows a geographic pattern. The inflammation begins in the juxtapapillary choroid and intermittently spreads centrifugally. The overlying retinal pigment epithelium and the outer retina are involved in the inflammatory process.

A closely related condition is multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. This is caused by tuberculosis.

The distinction between these two conditions is important as the latter responds to anti tuberculosis treatment while the former does not.

Serpiginous choroiditis, also known as geographic or helicoid choroidopathy, is an uncommon chronic progressive inflammatory disease affecting adult men and women equally in the second to seventh decades of life.

Blurry vision, mild pain in the eyeballs, as well as small yellow, grey, and white spots may begin to appear on the retina.

Most common:

- Floaters

- Blurred vision

Intermediate uveitis normally only affects one eye. Less common is the presence of pain and photophobia.

Uveitis is classified anatomically into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitic forms—based on the part of the eye primarily affected. Prior to the twentieth century, uveitis was typically referred to in English as "ophthalmia."

- Anterior uveitis includes iridocyclitis and iritis. Iritis is the inflammation of the anterior chamber and iris. Iridocyclitis presents the same symptoms as iritis, but also includes inflammation in the ciliary body. Anywhere from two-thirds to 90% of uveitis cases are anterior in location. This condition can occur as a single episode and subside with proper treatment or may take on a recurrent or chronic nature.

- intermediate uveitis, also known as pars planitis, consists of vitritis—which is inflammation of cells in the vitreous cavity, sometimes with "snowbanking", or deposition of inflammatory material on the pars plana. There are also "snowballs," which are inflammatory cells in the vitreous.

- Posterior uveitis or chorioretinitis is the inflammation of the retina and choroid.

- Pan-uveitis is the inflammation of all layers of the uvea.

Ophthalmic examination may reveal neovascularization (creation of new vessels in the retina), retinal vessel narrowing, retinal vessel cuffing, retinal hemorrhage, or possible vitritis (inflammation of the vitreous body) or choroiditis (inflammation of the choroid).

Patients with ARN typically present

- floaters

- redness of the eye

- flashes

- decreased sharpness of vision

- photophobia.

Though uncommon, some patients may experience pain. Most patients will only experience this in one eye (unilateral), though possible for the condition to be seen in both (bilateral, BARN). If the first eye is left without treatment, some cases have shown the disease progressing to the other eye in a month's time. Further progressed stages of the disease can cause blindness in the eye experiencing ARN. Though the disease may be present itself, the inflammation of the retina may not been visualized for decades after the initial signs.

Retinal vasculitis is very rare as the only presenting symptom. Often there is sufficient systemic evidence to help the physician decide between any one of the aforementioned possible systemic diseases. For those patients who present with only vasculitis of the retinal vessels, great investigative effort (Chest X-ray, blood test, urinary analysis, vascular biopsy, ophthalmology assessment, etc.) should be undertaken to ensure that a systemic disease is not the hidden culprit.

Some discrepancy exists as to whether acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) is actually considered a white dot syndrome. However, AZOOR may definitely be related to other diseases included in the white dot syndrome group. AZOOR occurs in young to middle age adults and may eventually progress to retinal cell death. Symptoms include acute visual field loss and photopsias. Suspected causes for AZOOR include autoimmune, viral, and fungal.

• Typically affects short sighted (myopic) women. (90% of cases are female).

• The average age of patients with PIC is 27 years with a range of 16–40 years.

• Patients are otherwise healthy and there is usually no illness, which triggers the condition or precedes it.

• The inflammation is confined to the back of the eye (posterior). There is no inflammation in the front of the eye (anterior chamber) or vitreous (the clear jelly inside the eye). This is an important distinguishing feature of PIC.

• It usually affects both eyes.

• The appearance of gray-white or yellow punctate (punched out) areas (lesions) at the level of the inner choroid. These lesions are typically located centrally at the back of the eye (posterior pole).

Symptoms typically include:

1. Blurring of vision

2. Partial ‘blind spots’ or scotoma. These areas of diminished or lost areas of the visual field are typically near the centre of vision but occasionally can be peripheral. These may be temporary or permanent.

3. Seeing flashing lights. This is known as photopsia.

The PIC lesions, which form scars deep in the choroid layer of the eye, may result in new blood vessels forming. These can be seen as the body’s attempts at repair, but these new blood vessels (neovascularisation) are weak, can spread to form a membrane and can threaten the vision. It is

suspected that at least 40% of patients with PIC develop CNV (choroidal neovascularization). This is a complication, which can occur in other white dot syndromes and other eye conditions such as macular degeneration but occurs rarely in other forms of uveitis.

CNV is a sight threatening complication and so must be picked up early and always treated. It may occur whether the uveitis is active or not. CNV, if not treated, may lead to subretinal fibrosis (scarring), a further complication, which is more difficult to treat, and which leads to poor vision.

Good monitoring for patients with PIC is therefore very important.

Symptoms may include the presence of floating black spots, blurred vision, pain or redness in the eye, sensitivity to light, or excessive tearing.

Multifocal Choroiditis (MPC) occurs mainly in myopic females. The fundus presents with yellow or gray lesions (white dots) at the level of the choroid and RPE. The size of the white dots are between 50 and 500 micrometres and localized in the macula. MPC is characterized by vitritis and anterior chamber inflammation. Decreased vision due to vitreous inflammation may occur. Unlike MEWDS, MPC is a chronic disorder and macular scarring contributes to severe visual loss. Theories regarding the cause include an exogenous pathogen sensitizing an individual to antigens within photoreceptors, RPE, or choroid.

Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid (thin pigmented vascular coat of the eye) and retina of the eye. It is a form of posterior uveitis. If only the choroid is inflamed, not the retina, the condition is termed choroiditis. The ophthalmologist's goal in treating these potentially blinding conditions is to eliminate the inflammation and minimize the potential risk of therapy to the patient.

Punctate inner choroiditis (PIC) is an inflammatory choroiditis which occurs mainly in young women. Symptoms include blurred vision and scotomata. Yellow lesions are mainly present in the posterior pole and are between 100 to 300 micrometres in size. PIC is one of the so called White Dot Syndromes. PIC has only been recognised as a distinct condition as recently as 1984 when Watzke identified 10 patients who appeared to make up a distinct group within the White Dot Syndromes.

Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN), is a medical inflammatory condition of the eye. The condition presents itself as a necrotizing retinitis. The inflammation onset is due to certain herpes viruses, Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).

People with the condition usually display redness of the eye, white or off-white colored patches that are patches of retinal necrosis. ARN can progress into other conditions such as uveitis, detachment of the retina, and ultimately can lead to blindness.

The disease was first characterized in 1971, in Japan. Akira Urayama and his colleagues had six patients whose cases showed signs of acute necrotizing retinitis, retinal arertitis, choroiditis, and late-onset retinal detachment. The combination of the conditions was given the name acute retinal necrosis. The first reports of ARN came about in 1971. It is unclear whether it was previously just reported as something else. Urayama and his colleagues reported the disease that they saw in six Japanese patients. Since then the disease has been seen in patient's with AIDS, children, and people who are immunocompromised. In 1978, Young and Bird named the disease when presented in both eyes, Bilateral Acute Retinal Necrosis, otherwise known as BARN.

Multifocal choroiditis and panuveitis (MCP) is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the choroid, retina, and vitreous of the eye that presents asymmetrically, most often in young myopic women with photopsias, enlargement of the physiologic blind spot and decreased vision.

The first description of the disease was written in 1973.

This is a partial list of human eye diseases and disorders.

The World Health Organization publishes a classification of known diseases and injuries, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, or ICD-10. This list uses that classification.

The initial signs and symptoms of NBD are usually very general. This makes NBD hard to diagnose until the patients experience a severe neurological damage. In addition, the combination of symptoms varies among patients.

The main symptom is meningoencephalitis which happens in ~75% of NBD patients. Other general symptoms of Behçet's disease are also present among parenchymal NBD patients such as fever, headache, genital ulcers, genital scars, and skin lesions. When the brainstem is affected, ophthalmoparesis, cranial neuropathy, and cerebellar or pyramidal dysfunction may be observed. Cerebral hemispheric involvement may result in encephalopathy, hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, seizures, dysphasia, and mental changes including cognitive dysfunction and

psychosis. As for the spinal cord involvement, pyramidal signs in the limbs, sensory level dysfunction, and, commonly, sphincter dysfunction may be observed.

Some of the symptoms are less common such as stroke (1.5%), epilepsy (2.2–5%), brain tumor, movement disorder, acute meningeal syndrome, and optic neuropathy.

Primary infection most commonly manifests as blepharoconjunctivitis i.e. infection of lids and conjunctiva that heals without scarring. Lid vesicles and conjunctivitis are seen in primary infection. Corneal involvement is rarely seen in primary infection.

This classic herpetic lesion consists of a linear branching corneal ulcer (dendritic ulcer). During eye exam the defect is examined after staining with fluorescein dye. The underlying cornea has minimal inflammation.

Patients with epithelial keratitis complain of foreign-body sensation, light sensitivity, redness and blurred vision.

Focal or diffuse reduction in corneal sensation develops following recurrent epithelial keratitis.

In immune deficient patients or with the use of corticosteroids the ulcer may become large and in these cases it is called geographic ulcer.

Dry (nonexudative, > 80%)—deposition of yellowish extracellular material in and between bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (“drusen”) with gradual loss in vision.

Wet (exudative, 10–15%)—rapid loss of vision due to bleeding secondary to choroidal neovascularization.

The following are not classified as diseases of the eye and adnexa (H00-H59) by the World Health Organization:

- (B36.1) Keratomycosis — fungal infection of the cornea

- (E50.6-E50.7) Xerophthalmia — dry eyes, caused by vitamin A deficiency

- (Q13.1) Aniridia — a rare congenital eye condition leading to underdevelopment or even absence of the iris of the eye

Metamorphopsia is a type of distorted vision in which a grid of straight lines appears wavy and parts of the grid may appear blank. People with this condition often first notice this when looking at mini-blinds in their home.

It is mainly associated with macular degeneration, particularly age-related macular degeneration with choroidal neovascularization. Other conditions that can present with complaints of metamorphopsia include pathological myopia, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, choroidal rupture and multifocal choroiditis.

Geographic atrophy (GA) is a chronic disease, which leads to visual function loss. This often results in difficulties performing daily tasks such as reading, recognizing faces, and driving, and ultimately has severe consequences on independence.

Initially, patients often have good visual acuity if the GA lesions are not involved in the central macular, or foveal, region of the retina. As such, a standard vision test may underrepresent the visual deficit experienced by patients who report challenges reading, driving or seeing in low light conditions.