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Vulvar Paget disease presents as a variety of clinical lesions that may occur over a protracted course. Initially it is velvety, soft, and red or bright pink with scattered white islands of hyperkeratosis. (a strawberry and cream appearance) The lesions become erythematous, plaque like, and desquamating especially when located in dry areas. Rarely the appearance is ulcerated. The borders appear irregular, slightly elevated, and sharply demarcated. The visible borders of vulvar Paget disease are often misleading as Paget cells may spread along the basal layers of normal appearing skin with multicentric foci. Involvement may be extensive including the perianal region, genitocrural, and inguinal folds. Clinical examination should determine the presence of periurethral and perianal lesions. In these cases an involvement of the skin by a noncutaneous internal neoplasm may occur.
Symptoms are not specific; most patients report itching, burning, and soreness. A small subset of patients may be asymptomatic. Presence of vulvar pain, bleeding, and tumor formation are reported to be more common in patients affected by invasive disease.Signs and symptoms are skin lesions, often mistaken as eczema, that may be itchy or painful.
The disease mimics many other dermatoses and can be confused with conditions, such as sarcoidosis, discoid lupus erythematosus, mycosis fungoides, and fixed drug eruption.
Granuloma faciale (GF) is an uncommon benign chronic skin disease of unknown origin characterized by single or multiple cutaneous nodules, usually occurring over the face. Occasionally, extrafacial involvement is noted, most often on sun-exposed areas.
Although a clear understanding of the various skin lesions in IgG4-related disease is a work in progress, skin lesions have been classified into subtypes based on documented cases:
- Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (or lesions that mimic it) and cutaneous pseudolymphoma
- Cutaneous plasmacytosis
- Eyelid swelling (as part of Mikulicz's disease)
- Psoriasis-like eruptions
- Unspecified maculopapular or erythematous eruptions
- Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura and urticarial vasculitis
- Impaired blood supply to fingers or toes, leading to Raynaud's phenomenon or gangrene
Note:
In addition, Wells syndrome has also been reported in a case of IgG4-related disease.
IgG4-related skin disease is the recommended name for skin manifestations in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Multiple different skin manifestations have been described.
Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia refers to a groups of benign cutaneous disorders characterized by collections of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the skin. Conditions included in this groups are:
- Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with nodular pattern, a condition of the skin characterized by a solitary or localized cluster of asymptomatic erythematous to violaceous papules or nodules
- Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with bandlike and perivascular patterns, a condition of the skin characterized by skin lesions that clinically resemble mycosis fungoides
Weber–Christian disease, also known as relapsing febrile nodular nonsuppurative panniculitis, is a cutaneous condition characterized by recurrent subcutaneous nodules that heal with depression of the overlying skin.
It is type of panniculitis.
It is a rare disease seen in females 30–60 years of age. It is a recurring inflammation of fatty layers of tissue present beneath the skin. Clinical course is characterised by exacerbations and remissions. Lesions are bilaterally symmetrical and are usually seen in the lower legs.
Morpheaform sarcoidosis is a very rare cutaneous condition characterized by specific cutaneous skin lesions of sarcoidosis accompanied by substantial fibrosis, simulating morphea.
Erythrodermic sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition and very rare form of sarcoidosis.
Hypopigmented sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by areas of hypopigmented skin. It is usually diagnosed in darkly pigmented races and may be the earliest sign of sarcoidosis.
Papular sarcoid is a cutaneous condition characterized by papules, which are the most common morphology of cutaneous sarcoidosis.
Ichthyosiform sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition resembling ichthyosis vulgaris or acquired ichthyosis, with fine scaling usually on the distal extremities, by caused by sarcoidosis.
Ulcerative sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition affecting roughly 5% of people with sarcoidosis.
Annular sarcoidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by papular skin lesions arranged in annular
patterns, usually with a red-brown hue.
Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin is a cutaneous condition characterized by a persistent papular and plaque-like skin eruption which can occur on the neck, face and back and may re-occur. This is an uncommon skin disease and is a benign collection of lymph cells. Its cause is not known and can be hereditary. It is named for Max Jessner. It is thought to be equivalent to lupus erythematosus tumidus.
It can occur as the result of ACE inhibitors and a number of medications used to treat multiple sclerosis including glatiramer acetate.
Neurofibromatosis type 3 (also known as "Neurofibromatosis mixed type") resembles von Recklinghausen's disease, but also presents with cutaneous neurofibromas.
Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome (also known as "Oid-oid disease") is a cutaneous condition, a type of therapy resistant nummular eczema.
Primary cutaneous amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis associated with oncostatin M receptor. This type of amyloidosis has been divided into the following types:
- Macular amyloidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by itchy, brown, rippled macules usually located on the interscapular region of the back. Combined cases of lichen and macular amyloidosis are termed biphasic amyloidosis, and provide support to the theory that these two variants of amyloidosis exist on the same disease spectrum.
- Lichen amyloidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by the appearance of occasionally itchy lichenoid papules, typically appearing bilaterally on the shins.
- Nodular amyloidosis is a rare cutaneous condition characterized by nodules that involve the acral areas.
Acute, tender, erythematous plaques, nodes, pseudovesicles and, occasionally, blisters with an annular or arciform pattern occur on the head, neck, legs, and arms, particularly the back of the hands and fingers. The trunk is rarely involved. Fever (50%); arthralgia or arthritis (62%); eye involvement, most frequently conjunctivitis or iridocyclitis (38%); and oral aphthae (13%) are associated features.
Clinical diagnostic features are lifelong eruptions of pityriasis versicolor-like macules, flat wart-like papules, one to many cutaneous horn-like lesions, and development of cutaneous carcinomas.
Patients present with flat, slightly scaly, red-brown macules on the face, neck, and body, recurring especially around the penial area, or verruca-like papillomatous lesions, seborrheic keratosis-like lesions, and pinkish-red plane papules on the hands, upper and lower extremities, and face. The initial form of EV presents with only flat, wart-like lesions over the body, whereas the malignant form shows a higher rate of polymorphic skin lesions and development of multiple cutaneous tumors.
Generally, cutaneous lesions are spread over the body, but some cases have only a few lesions which are limited to one extremity.
This condition is characterized by:
- a diffuse infiltration of all the skin which never transforms into nodule
- a complete alopecia of eyebrows and eyelashes and body hair
- an anhydrotic and dysesthesic zones of the skin
- a peculiar type of lepra reaction named Lucio's phenomenon or necrotic erythema
Lucio's phenomenon consists of well-shaped erythematous spots which later become necrotic with scabs, ulcerations and scars. These lesion usually on the lower extremities and may be extensive They are frequently painful. Rarely it may be fatal.
Panniculitis can also be classified based on the presence or absence of systemic symptoms. Panniculitis without systemic disease can be a result of trauma or cold; Panniculitis with systemic disease can be caused:
- by connective tissue disorders such as lupus erythematosus or scleroderma;
- by lymphoproliferative disease such as lymphoma or histiocytosis;
- by pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer;
- by sarcoidosis with cutaneous involvement (seen in up to 20 percent)
- and by many other causes.
- Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, also, is a major cause of Panniculitis.
Lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy (the loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue) can occur in any of these conditions.
Waxy skin is a cutaneous condition observed in roughly 50% of diabetic patients with longstanding disease.
Sweet described a disease with four features: fever; leukocytosis; acute, tender, red plaques; and a dermal infiltrate of neutrophils. This led to the name acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Larger series of patients showed that fever and neutrophilia are not consistently present. The diagnosis is based on the two constant features, a typical eruption and the characteristic histologic features; thus the eponym "Sweet's syndrome" is used.
Granuloma multiforme (also known as "Mkar disease" and "granuloma multiforme (Leiker)") is a cutaneous condition most commonly seen in central Africa, and rarely elsewhere, characterized by skin lesions that are on the upper trunk and arms in sun-exposed areas. It may be confused with tuberculoid leprosy, with which it has clinical similarities. The condition was first noted by Gosset in the 1940s, but it was not until 1964 that Leiker coined the term to describe "a disease resembling leprosy" in his study in Nigeria.
Paget's disease of the breast can affect the nipple and areola. Symptoms typically only affect one breast. Symptoms may include:
- "Skin." The first symptom is usually an eczema-like rash. The skin of the nipple and areola may be red, itchy and inflamed. After a period of time, the skin may become flaky or scaly.
- "Discharge." A discharge, which may be straw-colored or bloody, may ooze from the area.
- "Sensation." Some women have a burning sensation. These symptoms usually occur in more advanced stages, when serious destruction of the skin often prompts the patient to consult. Lumps or masses in the breast occur in 50% of the patients. In more advanced stages, the disease may cause tingling, increased sensitivity and pain.
- Nipple changes. The nipple may turn inwards be inverted.
- Breast changes. There may or may not be a lump in the breast, and there may be redness, oozing and crusting, and a sore that does not heal.
The symptoms usually affect the nipple and then spread to the areola and then the breast. It is common for the symptoms to wax and wane.
Most women do not visit the doctor because they assume Paget's disease to be minor contact dermatitis or eczema. A lump or skin irritation that does not seem to heal for over a month indicates that attention by a specialist is needed.
Although lichen planus can present with a variety of lesions, the most common presentation is as a well defined area of purple-coloured, itchy, flat-topped papules with interspersed lacy white lines (Wickham's striae). This description is known as the characteristic "6 Ps" of lichen planus: planar (flat-topped), purple, polygonal, pruritic, papules, and plaques. This rash, after regressing, is likely to leave an area of hyperpigmentation that slowly fades. That said, a variety of other lesions can also occur.
Occasionally, lichen planus is known to occur with other conditions. For example:
- Lupus erythematosus overlap syndrome. Lesions of this syndrome share features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. Lesions are usually large and hypopigmented, atrophic, and with a red to blue colour and minimal scaling. Telangectasia may be present.
- Lichen sclerosus overlap syndrome, sharing features of lichen planus and lichen sclerosus.