Symptoms may occur at any time, but most often they accompany a change of body position. Pedunculated myxomas can have a "wrecking ball effect", as they lead to stasis and may eventually embolize themselves. Symptoms may include:

- Shortness of breath with activity

- Platypnea – Difficulty breathing in the upright position with relief in the supine position

- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea – Breathing difficulty when asleep

- Dizziness

- Fainting

- Palpitations – Sensation of feeling your heart beat

- Chest pain or tightness

- Sudden Death (In which case the disease is an autopsy finding)

The symptoms and signs of left atrial myxomas often mimic mitral stenosis.

General symptoms may also be present, such as:

- Cough

- Pulmonary edema, as blood backs up into the pulmonary artery, after increased pressures in the left atrium and atrial dilation

- Hemoptysis

- Fever

- Cachexia – Involuntary weight loss

- General discomfort (malaise)

- Joint pain

- Blue discoloration of the skin, especially the fingers (Raynaud's phenomenon)

- Fingers that change color upon pressure or with cold or stress

- Clubbing – Curvature of nails accompanied with soft tissue enlargement of the fingers

- Swelling – any part of the body

- Presystolic heart murmur

These general symptoms may also mimic those of infective endocarditis.

An atrial myxoma is a benign tumor of the heart, most commonly found within the left and then the right atria on the interatrial septum.

Even though many types of sick sinus syndrome produce no symptoms, a person may present with one or more of the following signs and symptoms:

- Stokes-Adams attacks – fainting due to asystole or ventricular fibrillation

- Dizziness or light-headedness

- Palpitations

- Chest pain or angina

- Shortness of breath

- Fatigue

- Headache

- Nausea

Symptoms associated with cardiac myxomas are typically due to the effect of the mass of the tumor obstructing the normal flow of blood within the chambers of the heart. Because pedunculated myxomas are somewhat mobile, symptoms may only occur when the patient is in a particular position.

Some symptoms of myxoma may be associated with the release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by the myxoma. High levels of IL-6 may be associated with a higher risk of embolism of the myxoma.

Symptoms of a cardiac myxoma include:

- Dyspnea on exertion

- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

- Fever

- Weight loss (see cachexia)

- Lightheadedness or syncope (Loss of consciousness)

- Hemoptysis

- Sudden death

- Tachycardia or milder heartrate, i.e. 75 - 100 cycl/min

The annulus of the valve is still in the normal position. The valve leaflets, however, are to a varying degree, attached to the walls and septum of the right ventricle. A subsequent 'atrialization' of a portion of the morphologic right ventricle (which is then contiguous with the right atrium) is seen. This causes the right atrium to be large and the anatomic right ventricle to be small in size.

- S3 heart sound

- S4 heart sound

- Triple or quadruple gallop due to widely split S1 and S2 sounds plus a loud S3 and/or S4

- Systolic murmur of tricuspid regurgitation = Holosystolic or early systolic murmur along the lower left sternal border depending on the severity of the regurgitation

- Right atrial hypertrophy

- Right ventricular conduction defects

- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome often accompanies

An enlargement of the aorta may occur; an increased risk of abnormality is seen in babies of women taking lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy (though some have questioned this) and in those with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

No specific set of criteria has been developed for diagnosis of pacemaker syndrome. Most of the signs and symptoms of pacemaker syndrome are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population at baseline. In the lab, pacemaker interrogation plays a crucial role in determining if the pacemaker mode had any contribution to symptoms.

Symptoms commonly documented in patients history, classified according to cause:

- Neurological - Dizziness, near syncope, and confusion.

- Heart failure - Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and edema.

- Hypotension - Seizure, mental status change, diaphoresis, and signs of orthostatic hypotension and shock.

- Low cardiac output - Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea on exertion, lethargy, and lightheadedness.

- Hemodynamic - Pulsation in the neck and abdomen, choking sensation, jaw pain, right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, chest colds, and headache.

- Heart rate related - Palpitations associated with arrhythmias

In particular, the examiner should look for the following in the physical examination, as these are frequent findings at the time of admission:

- Vital signs may reveal hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, or low oxygen saturation.

- Pulse amplitude may vary, and blood pressure may fluctuate.

- Look for neck vein distension and cannon waves in the neck veins.

- Lungs may exhibit crackles.

- Cardiac examination may reveal regurgitant murmurs and variability of heart sounds.

- Liver may be pulsatile, and the RUQ may be tender to palpation. Ascites may be present in severe cases.

- The lower extremities may be edematous.

- Neurologic examination may reveal confusion, dizziness, or altered mental status.

Sick sinus syndrome (SSS), also called sinus dysfunction, or sinoatrial node disease ("SND"), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) presumably caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which the arrhythmia alternates between slow and fast heart rates. Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is often associated with ischemic heart disease and heart valve disease.

1.SMA, smooth muscle actin. 2.MSA, muscle-specific actin. 3.EMA, epithelial membrane antigen.

Multifocal atrial tachycardia is characterized by an electrocardiogram (ECG) strip with 3 or more P-waves of variable morphology and varying P–R intervals, plus tachycardia, which is a heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute. Narrow QRS complexes are visible as well.

Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare syndrome of the heart that manifests in patients recovering from heart surgery. It is characterized by cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular beating of the heart, caused by abnormal conduction from or through the atrioventricular node (AV node). In newborns and infants up to 6 weeks old, the disease may also be referred to as His bundle tachycardia.

Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis include the following:

- Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

- Palpitations

- Chest pain

- Hemoptysis

- Thromboembolism in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e., dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of atrial fibrillation, which increases the risk of blood stasis (motionless). This increases the risk of coagulation.

- Ascites and edema and hepatomegaly (if right-side heart failure develops)

Fatigue and weakness increase with exercise and pregnancy.

In the general population, obesity appears to be the most important risk factor for LAE. LAE has been found to be correlated to body size, independent of obesity, meaning that LAE is more common in people with a naturally large body size. Also, a study found that LAE can occur as a consequence of atrial fibrillation (AF), although another study found that AF by itself does not cause LAE. The latter study also showed that the persistent type of AF was associated with LAE, but the number of years that a subject had AF was not.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be a cause of LAE in some cases. When an OSA event occurs, an attempt is made to breathe with an obstructed airway and the pressure inside the chest is suddenly lowered. The negative intrathoracic pressure may cause the left atrium to expand and stretch its walls during each OSA event. Over time, the repetitive stretching of the left atrium may result in a persistent left atrial enlargement.

Left atrial enlargement can be mild, moderate or severe depending on the extent of the underlying condition. Although other factors may contribute, left atrium size has been found to be a predictor of mortality due to both cardiovascular issues as well as all-cause mortality. Current research suggests that left atrium size as measured by an echo-cardiograph may have prognostic implications for preclinical cardiovascular disease. However, studies that have found LAE to be a predictor for mortality recognize the need for more standardized left atrium measurements than those found in an echo-cardiogram.

Premature atrial contractions (PACs), also known as atrial premature complexes (APC) or atrial premature beats (APB), are a common cardiac dysrhythmia characterized by premature heartbeats originating in the atria. While the sinoatrial node typically regulates the heartbeat during normal sinus rhythm, PACs occur when another region of the atria depolarizes before the sinoatrial node and thus triggers a premature heartbeat. The exact cause of PACs is unclear; while several predisposing conditions exist, PACs commonly occur in healthy young and elderly people. Elderly people that get PACs usually don't need any further attention besides follow ups due to unclear evidence. PACs are often completely asymptomatic and may be noted only with Holter monitoring, but occasionally they can be perceived as a skipped beat or a jolt in the chest. In most cases, no treatment other than reassurance is needed for PACs, although medications such as beta blockers can reduce the frequency of symptomatic PACs.

Right atrial enlargement is a form of cardiomegaly. It can broadly be classified as either right atrial hypertrophy (RAH) or dilation. Common causes include right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis and atrial septal defect.

It is characterized by a P wave height greater than 2.5 mm.

-Transposition of the great arteries (d-Transposition of the great arteries, dextro-TGA, or d-TGA), sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arteries, is a birth defect in the large arteries of the heart. The primary arteries (the aorta and the pulmonary artery) are d.

It is called a cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) because the newborn infant turns blue from lack of oxygen.

In segmental analysis, this condition is described as with , or just ventriculoarterial discordance.

d-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries (TGA); however, TGA is a more general term which may also refer to levo-transposition of the great arteries (l-TGA).

Another term commonly used to refer to both d-TGA and l-TGA is transposition of the great vessels (TGV), although this term might have an even broader meaning than TGA.

A sinus venosus atrial septal defect is a type of atrial septal defect primarily associated with the sinus venosus.

They represent 5% of atrial septal defects.

They can occur near the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava, but the former are more common.

They can be associated with anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

People with TIC most often present with symptoms of congestive heart failure and/or symptoms related to their irregular heart rhythm. Symptoms of congestive heart failure can include shortness of breath, ankle swelling, fatigue, and weight gain. Symptoms of an irregular heart rhythm can include palpitations and chest discomfort.

The timecourse of TIC is most well-studied in experiments on animals. Researchers have found that animals began to exhibit abnormal changes in blood flow after just one day of an artificially generated fast heart rate (designed to simulate a tachyarrythmia). As their TIC progresses, these animals will have worsening heart function (e.g.: reduced cardiac output and reduced ejection fraction) for 3–5 weeks. The worsened heart function then persists at a stable state until the heart rate is returned to normal. With normal heart rates, these animals begin to demonstrate improving heart function at 1–2 days, and even complete recovery of ejection fraction at 1 month.

Human studies of the timecourse of TIC are not as robust as animal studies, though current studies suggest that the majority of people with TIC will recover a significant degree of heart function over months to years.

Atrial enlargement refers to a condition where the left atrium or right atrium of the heart is larger than would be expected. It can also affect both atria.

Types include:

- Left atrial enlargement

- Right atrial enlargement

Cor triatriatum (or triatrial heart) is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium (cor triatriatum sinistrum) or right atrium (cor triatriatum dextrum) is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers (hence the name).

Cor triatriatum represents 0.1% of all congenital cardiac malformations and may be associated with other cardiac defects in as many as 50% of cases. The membrane may be complete or may contain one or more fenestrations of varying size.

Cor triatrium sinistrum is more common. In this defect there is typically a proximal chamber that receives the pulmonic veins and a distal (true) chamber located more anteriorly where it empties into the mitral valve. The membrane that separates the atrium into two parts varies significantly in size and shape. It may appear similar to a diaphragm or be funnel-shaped, bandlike, entirely intact (imperforate) or contain one or more openings (fenestrations) ranging from small, restrictive-type to large and widely open.

In the pediatric population, this anomaly may be associated with major congenital cardiac lesions such as tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle, coarctation of the aorta, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection, persistent left superior vena cava with unroofed coronary sinus, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal (endocardial cushion) defect, and common atrioventricular canal. Rarely, asplenia or polysplenia has been reported in these patients.

In the adult, cor triatriatum is frequently an isolated finding.

Cor triatriatum dextrum is extremely rare and results from the complete persistence of the right sinus valve of the embryonic heart. The membrane divides the right atrium into a proximal (upper) and a distal (lower) chamber. The upper chamber receives the venous blood from both vena cavae and the lower chamber is in contact with the tricuspid valve and the right atrial appendage.

The natural history of this defect depends on the size of the communicating orifice between the upper and lower atrial chambers. If the communicating orifice is small, the patient is critically ill and may succumb at a young age (usually during infancy) to congestive heart failure and pulmonary edema. If the connection is larger, patients may present in childhood or young adulthood with a clinical picture similar to that of mitral stenosis. Cor triatriatum may also be an incidental finding when it is nonobstructive.

The disorder can be treated surgically by removing the membrane dividing the atrium.

Multifocal (or multiform) atrial tachycardia (MAT) is an abnormal heart rhythm, specifically a type of supraventricular tachycardia, that is particularly common in older people and is associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Normally, the heart rate is controlled by a cluster of cells called the sinoatrial node (SA node). When a number of different clusters of cells outside the SA node take over control of the heart rate, and the rate exceeds 100 beats per minute, this is called multifocal atrial tachycardia (if the heart rate is ≤100, this is technically not a tachycardia and it is then termed multifocal atrial rhythm).

'Multiform' simply describes the variable P wave shapes and is an observation, 'multifocal' is an inference about the underlying cause. Although these are interchangeable terms, some purists prefer the former nomenclature since it does not presume any underlying mechanism.

Isomerism of the bronchial tree is not typically damaging and presents no significant clinical complications. Pulmonary valve stenosis results in issues of blood flow to the lungs.

Abdominal organs, including the liver, stomach, intestinal tract, and spleen may be randomly arranged throughout the left-right axis of the body. Distribution of these organs largely dictates treatment, clinical outcomes, and further evaluation.

The liver is typically symmetrical across the left-right axis in patients with situs ambiguous, which is abnormal. A majority of left atrial isomeric patients have defects throughout the biliary tree, which is responsible for bile production, even when the gall bladder is functional and morphologically normal. This biliary atresia can lead to acute problems such as nutrient malabsorption, pale stools, dark urine, and abdominal swelling. If this condition continues without proper treatment, cirrhosis and liver failure become a major concern. Biliary atresia is not usually observed in patients with right atrial isomerism.

Random positioning of the stomach is often one of the first signals of situs ambiguous upon examination. Malrotation of the entire intestinal tract, or improper folding and bulging of the stomach and intestines, results in bowel obstruction. This impairment leads to vomiting, abdominal distention, mucus and blood in the stool. Patients may also experience abdominal pain. Intestinal malrotation is more commonly identified in patients with right atrial isomerism than in those with left atrial isomerism.

Isomeric patients often experience disruptions to splenic development during embryogenesis, resulting in an overall lack a spleen (asplenia) or development of many spleens (polysplenia). Asplenia is most often observed in patients with right atrial isomerism. Polysplenia results in 90% of patients with left atrial isomerism. Although they have many spleens, each is usually ineffective resulting in functional asplenia. Rarely, left atrial isomeric patients have a single, normal, functional spleen. Patients lacking a functional spleen are in danger of sepsis and must be monitored.

Most people with Wenckebach (Type I Mobitz) do not show symptoms. However, those that do usually display one or more of the following:

- Light-headedness

- Dizziness

- Syncope (fainting)