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The disease presents with the widespread formation of fluid-filled blisters that are thin walled and easily ruptured and the patient can be positive for Nikolsky's sign. Ritter's Disease of the Newborn is the most severe form of SSSS with similar signs and symptoms. SSSS often includes a widespread painful erythroderma, often involving the face, diaper, and other intertriginous areas. Extensive areas of desquamation might be present. Perioral crusting and fissuring are seen early in the course. Unlike toxic epidermal necrolysis, SSSS spares the mucous membranes. It is most common in children under 6 years, but can be seen in adults who are immunosuppressed or have renal failure.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, (SSSS), also known as Pemphigus neonatorum or Ritter's disease, or Localized bullous impetigo is a dermatological condition caused by "Staphylococcus aureus".
Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of infancy (also known as "Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy," "Infantile eosinophilic pustular folliculitis," and "Neonatal eosinophilic pustular folliculitis") is a cutaneous condition characterized by recurrent pruritic crops of follicular vesiculopustular lesions.
Typically guttate psoriasis erupts after a throat infection, or strep throat. Initially, when the throat infection has cleared up, the person can feel fine for several weeks before noticing the appearance of red spots. They appear small at first, like a dry red spot which is slightly itchy. When scratched or picked the top layer of dry skin is removed, leaving dry, red skin beneath with white, dry areas marking where flakes of dry skin stop and start. In the weeks that follow the spots can grow to as much as an inch in diameter. Some of the larger ones may form a pale area in the center which is slightly yellow.
Guttate psoriasis can occur on any part of the body, particularly the legs, arms, torso, eyelids, back, bottom, bikini-line and neck. The number of lesions can range from 5 to over 100. Generally the parts of the body most affected are seen on the arms, legs, back and torso.
Characteristics may vary according to the subtype of pustular psoriasis. For example, it can be localized, commonly to the hands and feet (localized pustular psoriasis), or generalized with widespread patches occurring randomly on any part of the body (generalized pustular psoriasis). However, all forms of pustular psoriasis share in common the presence of red and tender blotchy skin covered with pustules.
Pustular psoriasis can be localized, commonly to the hands and feet (palmoplantar pustulosis), or generalized with widespread patches occurring randomly on any part of the body. Acrodermatitis continua is a form of localized psoriasis limited to the fingers and toes that may spread to the hands and feet. Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris is another form of localized pustular psoriasis similar to acrodermatitis continua with pustules erupting from red, tender, scaly skin found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is also known as (von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis in acute cases, and as impetigo herpetiformis during pregnancy. GPP is a rare and severe form of psoriasis that may require hospitalization. This form of psoriasis is characterized by an acute onset of numerous pustules on top of tender red skin. This skin eruption is often accompanied by a fever, muscle aches, nausea, and an elevated white blood cell count. Annular pustular psoriasis (APP), a rare form of GPP, is the most common type seen during childhood. APP tends to occur in women more frequently than in men, and is usually less severe than other forms of generalized pustular psoriasis such as impetigo herpetiformis. This form of psoriasis is characterized by ring-shaped plaques with pustules around the edges and yellow crusting. APP most often affects the torso, neck, arms, and legs.
Pustular psoriasis is classified into two major forms: localized and generalized pustular psoriasis. Within these two categories there are several variants:
Fungal folliculitis (also known as Majocchi granuloma) is a skin condition characterized by a deep, pustular type of tinea circinata resembling a carbuncle or kerion.
Pityriasis amiantacea (also known as "Tinea amiantacea") is an eczematous condition of the scalp in which thick tenaciously adherent scale infiltrates and surrounds the base of a group of scalp hairs. It does not result in scarring or alopecia.
Pityriasis amiantacea was first described by Alibert in 1832. Pityriasis amiantacea affects the scalp as shiny asbestos-like (amiantaceus) thick scales attached in layers to the hair shaft. The scales surround and bind down tufts of hair. The condition can be localised or covering over the entire scalp. Temporary alopecia and scarring alopecia may occur due to repeated removal of hairs attached to the scale. It is a rare disease with a female predilection.
Pityriasis amiantacea can easily be misdiagnosed due its close resemblance to other scalp diseases such as psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis or lichen planus. However in pityriasis amiantacea the scales are attached to both the hair shaft and the scalp. Pityriasis amiantacea may be present with other inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrhoeic dermatitis and sebaceous scales and alopecia can occur. According to the dermatology text Bolognia this condition is most often seen in psoriasis, but may also be seen in secondarily infected atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and tinea capitis.
Guttate psoriasis (also known as eruptive psoriasis) is a type of psoriasis that presents as small (0.5–1.5 cm in diameter) lesions over the upper trunk and proximal extremities; it is found frequently in young adults. The term "guttate" is used to describe the drop-like appearance of skin lesions. Guttate psoriasis is classically triggered by a bacterial infection, usually an upper respiratory tract infection.
Keratoderma blennorrhagicum etymologically meaning keratinized (kerato-) skin (derma-) mucousy (blenno-) discharge (-rrhagia) (also called keratoderma blennorrhagica) are skin lesions commonly found on the palms and soles but which may spread to the scrotum, scalp and trunk. The lesions may resemble psoriasis.
Keratoderma blennorrhagicum is commonly seen as an additional feature of reactive arthritis in almost 15% of male patients. The appearance is usually of a vesico-pustular waxy lesion with a yellow brown colour. These lesions may join together to form larger crusty plaques with desquamating edges.
AGEP is an acute febrile drug eruption characterized by numerous small, primarily non-follicular, sterile pustules, arising within large areas of red swollen skin.
The eruption follows a self-limiting course and will end before a week provided the causative agent (e.g. medication) is discarded. It is accompanied by fever, a high number of neutrophils and eosinophils in the blood, liver inflammation, and sometimes by facial swelling. The mortality rate is about 5% and the differential diagnosis includes Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS). Contrary to SJS, in AGEP, mucosa are not affected, which means that there are no blisters in the mouth or vagina.
GPP presents as pustules and plaques over a wide area of the body. It differs from the localized form of pustular psoriasis in that patients are often febrile and systemically ill.
However, the most prominent symptom, as described in the "Archives of Dermatology", is “sheeted, pinhead-sized, sterile, sub-corneal pustules”. The IPC roundtable adds that these pustules often occur either at the edges “of expanding, intensely inflammatory plaques” or “within erythrodermic skin.”
Superficial pustular folliculitis (also known as "Impetigo of Bockhart" and "Superficial folliculitis") is a superficial folliculitis with thin-walled pustules at the follicular openings.
The bacteria staphylococci are present in the majority of cases. Treatment with systemic antibiotics and coal tar shampoo can completely clear the condition when Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are found. Fungal infections such as tinea capitis are known to mimic the symptoms of the condition and can be cleared with antifungal treatment.
Pustular bacterid is a skin condition characterized by a symmetric, grouped, vesicular or pustular eruption on the palms and soles marked by exacerbations and remissions over long periods of time.
GPP is a rare and severe type of psoriasis. It in rare cases it is said to be fatal and in some cases has driven patients to intensive burn units. An article published in "Pediatric Dermatology" said, “The GPP pattern is as an acute, episodic, and potentially life-threatening form of psoriasis.”
There is no cure-all treatment for GPP, and as such, the mortality rate is high. Ryan and Baker observed 155 patients with GPP, 106 of which were followed up with. 26 of those 106 died as a result of the psoriasis or the treatment. Their data gives a 25% mortality rate.
There are many cases where GPP has been treated or reduced to a manageable level. The treatments vary depending on the specific factors of each case.
Erosive pustular dermatitis of the scalp (also known as "Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp") presents with pustules, erosions, and crusts on the scalp of primarily older Caucasean females, and on biopsy, has a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with or without foreign body giant cells and pilosebaceous atrophy.
The treatment is (1) stop the offending drug (antibiotics), (2) symptomatic (fever), and (3) for complications (hepatitis).
Erythroderma is generalized exfoliative dermatitis, which involves 90% or more of the patient's skin. The most common cause of erythroderma is exacerbation of an underlying skin disease, such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, pityriasis rubra pilaris or a drug reaction. Primary erythroderma is less frequent and is usually seen in cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, in particular in Sézary's disease.
The most common causes of exfoliative dermatitis are best remembered by the mnemonic device ID-SCALP. The causes and their frequencies are as follows:
- Idiopathic - 30%
- Drug allergy - 28%
- Lymphoma and leukemia - 14%
- Atopic dermatitis - 10%
- Psoriasis - 8%
- Contact dermatitis - 3%
- Seborrheic dermatitis - 2%
Differential diagnosis in patients with erythroderma may be difficult.
As the common name for this condition implies, it causes itching or a burning sensation in the groin area, thigh skin folds or anus. It may involve the inner thighs and genital areas, as well as extending back to the perineum and perianal areas.
Affected areas may appear red, tan, or brown, with flaking, rippling, peeling or cracking skin.
The acute infection begins with an area in the groin fold about a half-inch across, usually on both sides. The area may enlarge, and other sores may develop. The rash has sharply defined borders that may blister and ooze.
Tinea cruris does have similar symptoms to Inverse psoriasis.
A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment.
Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying causes and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), cause (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on.
Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). The diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data. The introduction of cutaneous ultrasound has allowed the detection of cutaneous tumors, inflammatory processes, nail disorders and hair diseases.
Patients with acute GPP experience the eruption of multiple isolated sterile pustules generalized over the body, recurrent fevers, fatigue, and laboratory abnormalities (elevated ESR, elevated CRP, combined with leukocytosis).
Erythroderma (also known as "Exfoliative dermatitis," "Dermatitis exfoliativa") is an inflammatory skin disease with erythema and scaling that affects nearly the entire cutaneous surface.
In ICD-10, a distinction is made between "exfoliative dermatitis" at L26, and "erythroderma" at L53.9.
Pustulosis is highly inflammatory skin condition resulting in large fluid-filled blister-like areas - pustules. Pustulosis typically occurs on the palms of the hands and/or the soles of the feet. The skin of these areas peels and flakes (exfoliates).
This condition—also referred to as "palmo-plantar pustulosis"—is a feature of pustular psoriasis.
von Zumbusch (acute) generalized pustular psoriasis, (acute GPP) is the most severe form of generalized pustular psoriasis, and can be associated with life-threatening complications.