Made by DATEXIS (Data Science and Text-based Information Systems) at Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin
Deep Learning Technology: Sebastian Arnold, Betty van Aken, Paul Grundmann, Felix A. Gers and Alexander Löser. Learning Contextualized Document Representations for Healthcare Answer Retrieval. The Web Conference 2020 (WWW'20)
Funded by The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy; Grant: 01MD19013D, Smart-MD Project, Digital Technologies
The clinical presentation varies according to the type of ALCL. Two of the ALCL subtypes are systemic lymphomas, in that they usually present with enlarged lymph nodes in multiple regions of the body, or with tumors outside the lymph nodes (extranodal) such as bone, intestine, muscle, liver, or spleen. These 2 subtypes usually associate with weight loss, fevers and night sweats, and can be lethal if left untreated without chemotherapy. The third type of ALCL is so-called cutaneous ALCL, and is a tumor that presents in the skin as ulcers that may persist, or occasionally may involute spontaneously, and commonly recur. This type of ALCL usually manifests in different regions of the body and may extend to regional lymph nodes, i.e., an axillary lymph node if the ALCL presents in the arm.
A rare subtype of ALCL has been identified in a few women who have silicone breast implants (protheses) as a result of breast reconstruction after a diagnosis of breast cancer. The tumor initially manifests with swelling of the breast due to fluid accumulation around the implant. The disease may progress to invade the tissue surrounding the capsule, and if left untreated may progress to the axillary lymph nodes.
It typically presents at a late stage and is often associated with systemic symptoms ("B symptoms").
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type which was known as angiocentric lymphoma in the REAL classification, and also as nasal-type NK lymphoma, NK/T-cell lymphoma, and polymorphic/malignant midline reticulosis is a cutaneous condition which in Korea is reported to be the most common form of cutaneous lymphoma after mycosis fungoides.
Extranodal NK-T-cell lymphoma is a type of lymphoma.
It is called "extranodal" to emphasize that the location is typically not in the lymph node, and is sometimes further qualified as "nasal type". The nasal cavity, nasopharynx and upper aerodigestive tract are often involved, although extranasal presentations do occur (skin, gastrointestinal tract, eye, testis, lung, soft tissue). There is a strong association with Epstein–Barr virus.
The NCCN guidelines recommend either high-dose radiotherapy alone for stage I without high risk features, or concurrent chemoradiotherapy for stage I and II with either of two regimens. Asparaginase containing regimens have been used in advanced stage disease.
Cutaneous lymphoma, also known as lymphoma cutis, is when lymphoma involves the skin. It is characterized by a proliferation of lymphoid tissue.
There are two main classes of lymphomas that affect the skin:
- Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
- Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma
The presentation depends if it is mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome the most common, though not the only types.
Among the symptoms for the aforementioned types are:lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and non-specific dermatitis.
A point-based algorithm for the diagnosis for early forms of cutaneous T cell lymphoma was proposed by The International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas in 2005.
Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving aberrant T cells or null lymphocytes. It is described in detail in the "Classification of Tumours of the Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues" edited by experts of the World Health Organisation (WHO). The term anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) encompasses at least 4 different clinical entities, all sharing the same name, and histologically have also in common the presence of large pleomorphic cells that express CD30 and T-cell markers. Two types of ALCL present as systemic disease and are considered as aggressive lymphomas, while two types present as localized disease and may progress locally.
Its name derives from anaplasia and large-cell lymphoma.
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma refers to a group of T-cell lymphomas that develop away from the thymus.
Examples include:
- Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas
- Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
- Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
- Enteropathy type T-cell lymphoma
- Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
- Peripheral T-cell lymphoma-Not-Otherwise-Specified
In ICD-10, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are classified separately.
The T-cell lymphomas are four types of lymphoma that affect T cells. These account for about one in ten cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
They can be associated with Epstein Barr virus and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1.
Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides are T-cell lymphomas whose primary manifestation is in the skin. The disease's origin is a peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocyte, although rarer CD8+/CD4- cases have been observed. Epidermotropism by neoplastic CD4+ lymphocytes with the formation of Pautrier's microabscesses is the hallmark sign of the disease. The dominant symptoms of the disease are:
1. Generalized erythroderma
2. Lymphadenopathy
3. Atypical T-cells ("Sézary cells") in the peripheral blood
4. Hepatosplenomegaly
5. Palmoplantar keratoderma
Sézary disease is a type of cutaneous lymphoma that was first described by Albert Sézary. The affected cells are T-cells (so it is a T-cell lymphoma) that have pathological quantities of mucopolysaccharides. Sézary disease is sometimes considered a late stage of mycosis fungoides with lymphadenopathy. There are currently no known causes of Sézary disease.
The four classes are:
- Extranodal T cell lymphoma
- Cutaneous T cell lymphomas: Sézary syndrome and Mycosis fungoides
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
- Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma
More information on various classification schemes is in the main lymphoma article.
Cutaneous B-cell lymphomas constitute a group of diseases that occur less commonly than cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and are characterized histologically by B-cells that appear similar to those normally found in germinal centers of lymph nodes. Conditions included in this group are:
Non-mycosis fungoides CD30− cutaneous large T-cell lymphoma is a cutaneous condition that usually presents as solitary or generalized plaques, nodules, or tumors of short duration.
Leukemids (also known as "Nonspecific cutaneous conditions associated with leukemia") are nonspecific skin lesions that occur with leukemia which are not related to leukemic cell infiltration. This condition may be contrasted with leukemia cutis, which is the infiltration of neoplastic leukocytes or their precursors into the skin resulting in clinically identifiable cutaneous lesions.
The term dates back to at least 1915.
Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia refers to a groups of benign cutaneous disorders characterized by collections of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the skin. Conditions included in this groups are:
- Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with nodular pattern, a condition of the skin characterized by a solitary or localized cluster of asymptomatic erythematous to violaceous papules or nodules
- Cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with bandlike and perivascular patterns, a condition of the skin characterized by skin lesions that clinically resemble mycosis fungoides
Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin is a cutaneous condition characterized by a persistent papular and plaque-like skin eruption which can occur on the neck, face and back and may re-occur. This is an uncommon skin disease and is a benign collection of lymph cells. Its cause is not known and can be hereditary. It is named for Max Jessner. It is thought to be equivalent to lupus erythematosus tumidus.
It can occur as the result of ACE inhibitors and a number of medications used to treat multiple sclerosis including glatiramer acetate.
Mastocytosis can occur in a variety of forms:
- Most cases are cutaneous (confined to the skin only), and there are several forms. The most common cutaneous mastocytosis is urticaria pigmentosa (UP), more common in children, although also seen in adults. Telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans (TMEP) is a much rarer form of cutaneous mastocytosis that affects adults. UP and TMEP can evolve into indolent systemic mastocytosis. This should be considered if patients develop any systemic symptoms .
- Systemic mastocytosis involves the bone marrow in some cases and in some cases other internal organs, usually in addition to involving the skin. Any organ can be involved. Mast cells collect in various tissues and can affect organs where mast cells do not normally inhabit such as the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, and organs which have normal populations but numbers are increased. In the bowel, it may manifest as mastocytic enterocolitis.
- Generalized eruption of cutaneous mastocytosis (adult type) is the most common pattern of mastocytosis presenting to the dermatologist, with the most common lesions being macules, papules, or nodules that are disseminated over most of the body but especially on the upper arms, legs, and trunk.
- Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis' has diffuse involvement in which the entire integument may be thickened and infiltrated with mast cells to produce a peculiar orange color, giving rise to the term "homme orange."
There are three classes of systemic mastocytosis: indolent systemic mastocytosis, aggressive systemic mastocytosis, and leukemic systemic mastocytosis (which comprises 3% of cases).
When too many mast cells exist in a person's body and undergo degranulation, the additional chemicals can cause a number of symptoms which can vary over time and can range in intensity from mild to severe. Because mast cells play a role in allergic reactions, the symptoms of mastocytosis often are similar to the symptoms of an allergic reaction. They may include, but are not limited to:
- Fatigue
- Skin lesions (urticaria pigmentosa), itching, and dermatographic urticaria (skin writing)
- Abdominal discomfort
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Olfactive intolerance
- Infections (bronchitis, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis)
- Ear/nose/throat inflammation
- Anaphylaxis (shock from allergic or immune causes)
- Episodes of very low blood pressure (including shock) and faintness
- Bone or muscle pain
- Decreased bone density or increased bone density (osteoporosis or osteosclerosis)
- Headache
- Depression
- Ocular discomfort
- Increased stomach acid production causing peptic ulcers (increased stimulation of enterochromaffin cell and direct histamine stimulation on parietal cell)
- Malabsorption (due to inactivation of pancreatic enzymes by increased acid)
Florid cutaneous papillomatosis (also known as the Schwartz-Burgess syndrome) is an obligate paraneoplastic syndrome.
FCP begins as the sudden onset of numerous cutaneous papillomas that are clinically indistinguishable from viral warts. The papillomas range from 1 to 3 mm in diameter may spread to involve the entire body, including the face. Pruritus, which may sometimes precede the onset of FCP, is evident in the affected regions in about half of patients. Evaluation of a skin biopsy clearly distinguishes FCP from viral warts.
FCP is associated with underlying cancer of the breast, bladder, ovary, uterus, prostate, and lung. Other associated underlying malignancies include squamous cell carcinomas and lymphomas such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
FCP is sometimes seen together with other signs of internal cancer, especially malignant acanthosis nigricans, tripe palms, Leser–Trélat sign, and hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita. FCP tends to improve in association with surgical or chemotherapeutic therapy of the underlying internal cancer. A recurrence or exacerbation of FCP may be linked with tumor regrowth or metastatic spread.
The characteristic eruption is of multiple warty papules and nodules beginning on acral skin, especially the hands and wrists, and disseminating onto the skin of the entire body. These skin lesions develop on the trunk, extremities, and face, and are almost twice as common in men than in women, especially individuals aged 53–72 years. Pruritus is also associated.
Secondary cutaneous amyloidosis is a skin condition that occurs following PUVA therapy and in benign and malignant cutaneous neoplasms in which deopsits of amyloid may be found.
Primary cutaneous amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis associated with oncostatin M receptor. This type of amyloidosis has been divided into the following types:
- Macular amyloidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by itchy, brown, rippled macules usually located on the interscapular region of the back. Combined cases of lichen and macular amyloidosis are termed biphasic amyloidosis, and provide support to the theory that these two variants of amyloidosis exist on the same disease spectrum.
- Lichen amyloidosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by the appearance of occasionally itchy lichenoid papules, typically appearing bilaterally on the shins.
- Nodular amyloidosis is a rare cutaneous condition characterized by nodules that involve the acral areas.
Keratoacanthomas (molluscum sebaceum) may be divided into the following types:
- "Giant keratoacanthomas" are a variant of keratoacanthoma, which may reach dimensions of several centimeters.
- "Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum" is a cutaneous condition, a variant of keratoacanthomas, which is characterized by multiple tumors growing in a localized area.
- "Multiple keratoacanthomas" (also known as "Ferguson–Smith syndrome," "Ferguson-Smith type of multiple self-healing keratoacanthomas,") is a cutaneous condition, a variant of keratoacanthomas, which is characterized by the appearance of multiple, sometimes hundreds of keratoacanthomas.
- A "solitary keratoacanthoma" (also known as "Subungual keratoacanthoma") is a benign, but rapidly growing, locally aggressive tumor which sometimes occur in the nail apparatus.
- "Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma" (also known as "Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma of Grzybowski") is a cutaneous condition, a variant of keratoacanthomas, characterized by hundreds to thousands of tiny follicular keratotic papules over the entire body. Treatments are not successful for many patients with Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma. Use of emollients and anti-itch medications can ease some symptoms. Improvement or complete resolutions of the condition has occurred with the application of the following medications: Acitretin, Isotretinoin, Fluorouracil, Methotrexate, Cyclophosphamide.
Large plaque parapsoriasis (also known as "parapsoriasis en plaques") are skin lesions that may be included in the modern scheme of cutaneous conditions described as parapsoriasis. These lesions, called plaques, may be irregularly round-shaped to oval and are or larger in diameter. They can be very thin plaques that are asymptomatic or mildly pruritic. Large-plaque parapsoriasis is a common associate of retiform parapsoriasis, can be accompanied by poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans, and can in rare occasions be a precursor to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
The diffuse leprosy of Lucio and Latapí, also known as diffuse lepromatous leprosy or "pretty leprosy" is a clinical variety of lepromatous leprosy. It was first described by Lucio and Alvarado in 1852 and re-identified by Latapí in 1936. It is common in Mexico (23% leprosy cases) and in Costa Rica and very rare in other countries.