Definitive diagnosis can only occur with positive identification of the larvae. This involves radiologic imaging (preferably MRI which can reveal larval migration tracks and in some cases the larvae themselves) as well as surgical exploration during which larvae can be removed and examined for identification. Identification of exact species is often impossible as the instars of the various "Cuterebra" and "Trychoderma" spp. exhibit significant resemblance, but identification as a "Cuterebra" bot fly is sufficient for diagnosis as cuterebriasis. Typically, a third larval instar is found and identifiable by its dark, thick, heavily spined body.

Diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is possible (with microscopy) after removal of the worm.

The primary form of diagnosis of gnathostomiasis is the identification of larva in the tissue. Serological testing such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or the Western blot are also reliable but may not be easily accessible in endemic areas.

CT scanning or MRI can be used to help identify a soft tissue worm and when looking at CNS disease it can be used to reveal the presence of the worm. The presence of haemorrhagic tracks on gradient-echo T2-weighted MRI is characteristic and possibly diagnostic. Urinalysis can also be used to identify the presence of hematuria or the worm, but it is not a very reliable diagnostic tool.

Subcutaneous cysts may be surgically opened to remove less mature bots. If more matured, cysts may be opened and "cuterebra" may be removed using mosquito forceps. Covering the pore in petroleum jelly may aide in removal. If larvae are discovered within body tissues, rather than subcutaneously, surgical removal is the only means of treatment. Ivermectin may be administered with corticosteroids to halt larval migration in cats presenting with respiratory cuterebriasis, but this is not approved for use in cats. There is not yet a known cure for cerebrospinal cuterebriasis.

Finding "Toxocara" larvae within a patient is the only definitive diagnosis for toxocariasis; however, biopsies to look for second stage larvae in humans are generally not very effective. PCR, ELISA, and serological testing are more commonly used to diagnose "Toxocara" infection. Serological tests are dependent on the number of larvae within the patient, and are unfortunately not very specific. ELISAs are much more reliable and currently have a 78% sensitivity and a 90% specificity. A 2007 study announced an ELISA specific to "Toxocara canis", which will minimize false positives from cross reactions with similar roundworms and will help distinguish if a patient is infected with "T. canis" or "T. cati". OLM is often diagnosed after a clinical examination. Granulomas can be found throughout the body and can be visualized using ultrasound, MRI, and CT technologies.

"Ascaris" takes most of its nutrients from the partially digested host food in the intestine. There is some evidence that it can secrete anti-enzymes, presumably to protect itself from digestion by the hosts' enzymes. Children are often more severely affected.

Most diagnoses are made by identifying the appearance of the worm or eggs in feces. Due to the large quantity of eggs laid, physicians can diagnose using only one or two fecal smears.

The diagnosis is usually incidental when the host passes a worm in the stool or vomit. The eggs can be seen in a smear of fresh feces examined on a glass slide under a microscope and there are various techniques to concentrate them first or increase their visibility, such as the ether sedimentation method or the Kato technique. The eggs have a characteristic shape: they are oval with a thick, mamillated shell (covered with rounded mounds or lumps), measuring 35-50 micrometer in diameter and 40-70 in length. During pulmonary disease, larvae may be found in fluids aspirated from the lungs. White blood cells counts may demonstrate peripheral eosinophilia; this is common in many parasitic infections and is not specific to ascariasis. On X-ray, 15–35 cm long filling defects, sometimes with whirled appearance (bolus of worms).

Blood tests and microscopy can be used to aid in the diagnosis of trichinosis. Blood tests include a complete blood count for eosinophilia, creatine phosphokinase activity, and various immunoassays such as ELISA for larval antigens.

An epidemiological investigation can be done to determine a patient's exposure to raw infected meat. Often, an infection arises from home-preparation of contaminated meat, in which case microscopy of the meat may be used to determine the infection. Exposure determination does not have to be directly from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal. Indirect exposure criteria include the consumption of products from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal, or sharing of a common exposure with a laboratory-confirmed infected human.

Some treatments for infection with "Toxocara cati" include drugs designed to cause the adult worms to become partially anaesthetized and detach from the intestinal lining, allowing them to be excreted live in the feces. Such medications include piperazine and pyrantel. These are frequently combined with the drug praziquantel which appears to cause the worm to lose its resistance to being digested by the host animal. Other effective treatments include ivermectin, milbemycin, and selamectin. Dichlorvos has also been proven to be effective as a poison, though moves to ban it over concerns about its toxicity have made it unavailable in some areas.

Treatment for wild felids, however, is difficult for this parasite, as detection is the best way to find which individuals have the parasite. This can be difficult as infected species are hard to detect. Once detected, the infected individuals would have to be removed from the population, in order to lower the risk of continual exposure to the parasites.

A primary method that has been used to lower the amount of infection is removal through hunting. Removal can also occur through landowners, as Dare and Watkins (2012) discovered through their research on cougars. Both hunters and landowners can provide samples that can be used to detect the presence of feline roundworm in the area, as well as help remove it from the population. This method is more practical than administering medications to wild populations, as wild animals, as mentioned before, are harder to find in order to administer medicinal care.

Medicinal care, however, is also another method used in round worm studies; such as the experiment on managing raccoon roundworm done by Smyser et al. (2013) in which they implemented medical baiting. However, medicine is often expensive and the success of the baiting depends on if the infected individuals consume the bait. Additionally, it can be costly (in time and resources) to check on baited areas. Removal by hunting allows agencies to reduce costs and gives agencies a more improved chance of removing infected individuals.

A computed tomography (CT) scan is another examination method often used for the diagnosis of Tarlov cyst. Unenhanced CT scans may show sacral erosion, asymmetric epidural fat distribution, and cystic masses that are have the same density with CSF. CT Myelogram is minimally invasive, and could be employed when MRI cannot be performed on patient.

Surgical removal or treatment with albendazole or ivermectin is recommended.

The most prescribed treatment for gnathostomiasis is surgical removal of the larvae but this is only effective when the worms are located in an accessible location. In addition to surgical excision, albendazole and ivermectin have been noted in their ability to eliminate the parasite. Albendazole is recommended to be administered at 400 mg daily for 21 days as an adjunct to surgical excision, while ivermectin is better tolerated as a single dose. Ivermectin can also serve as a replacement for those that can’t handle albendazole 200 ug/kg p.o. as a single dose. However, ivermectin has been shown to be less effective then albendazole.

MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is considered the imaging study of choice in identifying Tarlov cysts. MRI provides better resolution of tissue density, absence of bone interference, multiplanar capabilities, and is noninvasive. Plain films may show bony erosion of the spinal canal or of the sacral foramina

On MRI pictures, the signal is the same as the CSF one.

If MRI made with a contrast medium:

- The signal in the cyst is the same as in the dural bag.

- The signal for cysts due to traumas…is a little stronger at the periphery or nerve root location

- The signal is more important for other causes: synovial cysts, dermoïdes or épidermoïdes cysts, teratomes

Coturnism is an illness featuring muscle tenderness and rhabdomyolysis (muscle cell breakdown) after consuming quail (usually common quail, "Coturnix coturnix", from which the name derives) that have fed on poisonous plants.

Because this malformation is rare and there are extremely few individuals living with this condition, treatment is limited. Treatment consists of carefully managing the condition in a controlled manner. Proceeding with a bone graft when the child reaches school age is also recommended.

From case histories it is known that the toxin is stable as four-month-old pickled quail have been poisonous. Humans vary in their susceptibility; only one in four people who consumed quail soup containing the toxin fell ill. The toxin is apparently fat-soluble as potatoes fried in quail fat have proved poisonous.

Coniine from hemlock consumed by quail has been suggested as the cause, though quail resist eating hemlock. Hellebore has also been suggested as the source of the toxin. It has also been asserted that this evidence points to the seeds of the annual woundwort ("Stachys annua") being the causal agent. It has been suggested that "Galeopsis ladanum" seeds are not responsible.

Usually babies with this malformation do not survive past birth. However, there have been cases of survival. As of 2004, there were only two reported living cases. Of these two, one was severely cognitively impaired and physically disabled. The status of the other was unreported. If the fetus progresses to full term, there is the risk that it will have head trauma from the pressure applied to the head while being delivered. A few other cases of acalvaria have been reported, which did not progress to birth. In addition to the lack skull cap, there were brain malformations present in each case, and all of the pregnancies were terminated either electively or the fetuses were spontaneously aborted.

Low-output fistula: < 200 mL/day

Moderate-output fistula: 200-500 mL/day

High-output fistula: > 500 mL/day

Low-output fistula: < 500 mL/day

High-output fistula: > 500 mL/day

Small image of an infected area of the body due to a reaction with an implant

Ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) is a chronic dermatological disease of cold water salmonid fish that had a severe impact on north Atlantic Salmon and sea trout stocks in the late 1960s, the 1970s and 1980.

Affected fish developed severe skin lesions over large parts of their body which penetrated into skeletal muscle. The onset of symptoms only occurred after migration into freshwater. Lesions became quickly infected with overgrowths of "Saprolegnia" fungus giving the affected fish an appearance of being covered in slimy white pustules. The most severely affected fish frequently die before spawning.

Although the worst effects of the disease were seen in the 1970s and 1980, even now large numbers of salmon will succumb to the disease after spawning. This is thought be due in part to their weak post-spawning condition, and lack of food for several months whilst in the river.

Those fish that do make it back to the sea are thought to make a good recovery.

The foreign body granuloma is a response of biological tissue to any foreign material in the tissue. Tissue-encapsulation of an implant is part of this. An infection around a splinter is part of this, too.

The presence of the implant changes the healing response, and this is called the foreign-body reaction (FBR). FBR consists of: protein adsorption, macrophages, multinucleated foreign body giant cells (macrophage fusion), fibroblasts, and angiogenesis.

It can be caused by beryllium.

A foreign-body giant cell is a collection of fused macrophages (giant cell) which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body. This is particularly evident with implants that cause the body chronic inflammation and foreign body response.

This reaction to the implant causes damages to the infected area, leaving the exterior surface with scars.

The nuclei are arranged in a disorganized manner. The nuclei in this cell are centrally placed and overlap each other. This is in contrast to a Langhans giant cell, where the nuclei are arranged on the border.

Foreign body cells can detect and eliminate

bacteria caught within the body, by sensing the unique sugar coating that are

on the invading prokaryotes. These macrophage cells are one of a few

phagocytic cells, but not the first to come to an injury site, and tend to

linger from anytime between days to weeks. There has been some research done on other variations of

giant calls with different functions.

Treatment for fiddler’s neck is unnecessary if it is painless and shows minimal swelling, particularly since minor cases are taken as a mark of pride. But fiddler’s neck may lead to worse disorders. The primary methods of treatment involve adjustments to playing of the instrument:

- good hygiene for the affected area and for the instrument

- use of a clean cotton cloth that is changed frequently

- use of a shoulder rest to reduce pressure below the jaw

- a suitable chin rest, especially one carved or molded for the individual

- Covering or changing potentially allergenic materials on the instrument.

- shifting the chin rest to the center of the body over the tailpiece

- smoothing coarse surfaces to reduce abrasion

- for males, growing a beard to avoid folliculitis

Surgery is necessary for sialolithiasis, parotid tumors, and cysts. Cervical lymph nodes that are larger than 1 cm must be biopsied. Connective tissue can be removed by excision when a non-inflamed mass is large, and there is generally little recurrence. Infections should be treated conservatively, and causative species should be identified through smear and culture for appropriate antibiotic selection. Reduction of playing time may be helpful for cases without inflammation, but in 30% of cases this did not improve the symptoms.

Pterygium (conjunctiva) can be diagnosed without need for a specific exam, however corneal topography is a practical test (technique) as the condition worsens.

Most birthmarks are harmless and do not require treatment. Pigmented marks can resolve on their own over time in some cases. Vascular birthmarks may require reduction or removal for cosmetic reasons. Treatments include administering oral or injected steroids, dermatological lasers to reduce size and/or color, or dermatologic surgery.