The disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality and mainly affects children under the age of twelve in the poorest countries of Africa. Children in Asia and some countries of South America are also affected. Most children who get the disease are between the ages of two and six years old. The WHO estimates that 500,000 people are affected, and that 140,000 new cases are reported each year. The mortality rate is approximately 90 percent.

"Fusobacterium necrophorum" and "Prevotella intermedia" are important bacterial pathogens in this disease process, interacting with one or more other bacterial organisms (such as "Borrelia vincentii, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Staphylococcus aureus", and certain species of nonhemolytic "Streptococcus").

It is often reported as a sequela to acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis. Predisposing factors include:

- malnutrition (particularly A-and B-vitamins) or dehydration

- poor hygiene, particularly oral

- unsafe drinking water

- proximity to unkempt livestock

- recent illness

- an immunodeficiency disease, including AIDS

- measles

- smoking

Benign cephalic histiocytosis (also known as "Histiocytosis with intracytoplasmic worm-like bodies", and not to be confused with "Neonatal cephalic pustulosis") is a rare cutaneous condition affecting boys and girls equally, characterized by skin lesions that initially present on the head in all cases, often the cheeks, eyelids, forehead, and ears.

Transient neonatal pustular melanosis (also known as "transient neonatal pustulosis" and "lentigines neonatorum") is a cutaneous condition that presents at birth with 1- to 3-mm flaccid, superficial fragile pustules, some of which may have already resolved in utero, leaving pigmented macules.

Neonatal acne (also known as "Acne infantum", "Acne neonatorum", and "Neonatal cephalic pustulosis" (not to be confused with "Benign cephalic histiocytosis")) is an acneiform eruption that occurs in newborns or infants, and is often seen on the nose and adjacent portions of the cheeks.

The main cause of this condition is not known, but it could be due to the increased sensitivity of the infant's sebaceous glands to maternal hormones during pregnancy which also leads to a variety of skin conditions in the newborn. Typically, it peaks at around 2 months and rarely needs treatment. Sometimes gels or ointments are given.

Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis is a cutaneous condition in infants, characterized by multiple cutaneous lesions without evident visceral hemangiomas.

The prognosis is poor; affected individuals are either stillborn or die shortly after birth. The longest survival reported in literature is of 134 days.

This syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive disorder and there is a risk for recurrence of 25% in future pregnancies.

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is a general term referring to methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means. According to the CDC, in general, ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman. ART has been associated with epigenetic syndromes, specifically BWS and Angelman syndrome. Three groups have shown an increased rate of ART conception in children with BWS. A retrospective case control study from Australia found a 1 in 4000 risk of BWS in their in-vitro population, several times higher than the general population. Another study found that children conceived by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are three to four times more likely to develop the condition. No specific type of ART has been more closely associated with BWS. The mechanism by which ART produces this effect is still under investigation.

Noma neonatorum is a cutaneous condition, a manifestation of infection, usually "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" septicemia, and has been reported almost exclusively in developing countries.

Natal teeth are teeth that are present above the gumline (have already erupted) at birth, and neonatal teeth are teeth that emerge through the gingiva during the first month of life (the neonatal period).

The incidence of neonatal teeth varies considerably, between 1:700 and 1:30,000 depending on the type of study; the highest prevalence is found in the only study that relies on personal examination of patients.

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome has an estimated incidence of one in 13,700; about 300 children with BWS are born each year in the United States. The exact incidence of BWS is unknown because of the marked variability in the syndrome's presentation and difficulties with diagnosis. The number of reported infants born with BWS is most likely low because many are born with BWS, but have clinical features that are less prominent and therefore missed. BWS has been documented in a variety of ethnic groups and occurs equally in males and females.

Children conceived through In vitro fertilization have a three to fourfold increased chance of developing Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. It is thought that this is due to genes being turned on or off by the IVF procedures.

Most of the time, natal teeth are not related to a medical condition. However, sometimes they may be associated with:

- Ellis–van Creveld syndrome

- Hallermann–Streiff syndrome

- Pierre Robin syndrome

- Sotos syndrome

Neonatal ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis syndrome (also known as "NISCH syndrome" and "ichthyosis–sclerosing cholangitis syndrome") is a cutaneous condition caused by mutations in the Claudin 1 gene.

A study performed at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York, showed that infants ≤ 60 days old meeting the following criteria were at low-risk for having a serious bacterial illness:

- generally well-appearing

- previously healthy

- full term (at ≥37 weeks gestation)

- no antibiotics perinatally

- no unexplained hyperbilirubinemia that required treatment

- no antibiotics since discharge

- no hospitalizations

- no chronic illness

- discharged at the same time or before the mother

- no evidence of skin, soft tissue, bone, joint, or ear infection

- White blood cells (WBCs) count 5,000-15,000/mm

- absolute band count ≤ 1,500/mm

- urine WBC count ≤ 10 per high power field (hpf)

- stool WBC count ≤ 5 per high power field (hpf) "only in infants with diarrhea"

Those meeting these criteria likely do not require a lumbar puncture, and are felt to be safe for discharge home without antibiotic treatment, or with a single dose of intramuscular antibiotics, but will still require close outpatient follow-up.

One risk for Group B streptococcal infection (GBS) is Preterm rupture of membranes. Screening women for GBS (via vaginal and rectal swabbing) and treating culture positive women with intrapartum chemoprophylaxis is reducing the number of neonatal sepsis caused by GBS.

Campomelic dysplasia has a reported incidence of 0.05-0.09 per 10000 live births.

In nearly 95% of the cases, death occurs in the neonatal period due to respiratory distress, generally related to small chest size or insufficient development of the trachea and other upper airway structures.

Among survivors of CMD, the skeletal malformations change over time to include worsening scoliosis or kyphosis resulting in decreased trunk size relative to the limb length. Neurological damage is also often seen including mental retardation and deafness. Even among survivors of the prenatal period, CMD patients have shortened life spans due to lifelong respiratory issues. Those patients with ambiguous genitalia or sex reversal at birth, of course, maintain that state, and are either sterile or have reduced fertility.

Treatment is dependent upon the underlying cause. Treatment is supportive as it is not possible to induce regrowth of lost ducts.

This depends on the age of the animal affected and the efficiency of its immune system.

Colostral protection lasts up to 5 months of age, after which it decreases to an all-time low to increase yet again at about 12 months of age.

- Prenatal infection: virus travels from infected mother to fetus via the placenta. In this case, the time of gestation determines the result of the infection.

- If the fetus is infected in the first 30 days of fetal life, death and absorption of all, or some of the fetuses may occur. In this case, some immunotolerant healthy piglets may be born.

- If the infection happens at 40 days, death and mummification may occur. Also in this case, some or all the fetuses are involved, i.e. some of the fetuses can be born healthy and immunotolerant, or else carriers of the disease.

- If the viruses crosses the placenta in the last trimester, neonatal death may occur, or the birth of healthy piglets with a protective pre-colostral immunity.

- Postnatal infection (pigs up to 1 year of age): Infection occurs oro-nasally, followed by a viremic period associated with transitory leucopenia.

- Infection in adults (over 1 year of age): These subject would have an active, protective immune system which protects them from future exposures (e.g. mating with an infected male).

Therefore, it is important to note that the virus is particularly dangerous for the sow in her first gestation, which would be at 7–8 months of age, as she would have a particularly low antibody count at this age and could easily contract the virus via copulation.

Hemangiomatosis may refer to:

- Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis

- Benign neonatal hemangiomatosis

Conditions that can cause disfigurement include:

- severe acne

- acromegaly

- amniotic band constriction

- amputation

- argyria

- birthmarks

- burns

- cancer

- cataracts

- circumcision

- cleft lip

- eczema

- elephantiasis

- erysipelas

- gangrene

- gigantomastia

- gynecomastia

- keloids

- leprosy

- necrosis

- McCune–Albright syndrome

- neurofibromatosis

- noma

- paralysis

- proteus syndrome

- radiation poisoning

- scalping

- scars

- smallpox

- severe strabismus

- synkinesis

- Syphilis

- vitiligo

- severe warts

Plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery is available in many cases to disfigured people. Some health insurance companies and government health care systems cover plastic surgery for these problems when they do not generally cover plastic surgery for what is labeled as "cosmetic purposes".

The term "disfigurement" is sometimes used pejoratively to describe the results of intentional body modification. Scarification and other forms of such modification will sometimes be referred to as such by neutral parties or by advocates of the processes as well. Many types of body modification are subject to strong social debate as such.

Perlman syndrome is a rare disease with an estimated incidence of less than 1 in 1,000,000. As of 2008, less than 30 patients had ever been reported in the world literature.

Neu-Laxova syndrome is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the "PHGDH", "PSAT1" and "PSPH" genes. These genes are involved in the serine biosynthesis pathway and are essential for cell proliferation.

Mutations in all three genes had been previously identified as the cause of serine-deficiency syndromes. Although there is some clinical overlap between NLS and these neurometabolic disorders, the phenotype in other serine-deficiency disorders is milder.

Bile duct injury and loss can result from autoimmune destruction. T cells recognize biliary epithelial cell antigens causing injury and eventual atresia.

Majewski's polydactyly syndrome, also known as polydactyly with neonatal chondrodystrophy type I, short rib-polydactyly syndrome type II, and short rib-polydactyly syndrome, is a lethal form of neonatal dwarfism characterized by osteochondrodysplasia (skeletal abnormalities in the development of bone and cartilage) with a narrow thorax, polysyndactyly, disproportionately short tibiae, thorax dysplasia, hypoplastic lungs and respiratory insufficiency. Associated anomalies include protruding abdomen, brachydactyly, peculiar faces, hypoplastic epiglottis, cardiovascular defects, renal cysts, and also genital anomalies. Death occurs before or at birth.

The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

It was characterized in 1971.

Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis is a potentially fatal disorder with multiple cutaneous and systemic hemangiomas. The most common site of internal organ involvement is the liver. Death can result from high-output cardiac failure as a result of arteriovenous shunting. Early detection and treatment with steroids results in most patients remaining healthy, with serious problems developing for some patients during the hemangiomas growth phase.

Early onset sepsis can occur in the first week of life. It usually is apparent on the first day after birth. This type of infection is usually acquired before the birth of the infant. Premature rupture of membranes and other obstetrical complications can add to the risk of early-onset sepsis. If the amniotic membrane has been ruptured greater than 18 hours before delivery the infant may be at more risk for this complication. Prematurity, low birth weight, chorioamnionitis, maternal urinary tract infection and/or maternal fever are complications that increase the risk for early-onset sepsis. Early onset sepsis is indicated by serious respiratory symptoms. The infant usually suffers from pneumonia, hypothermia, or shock. The mortality rate is 30 to 50%.