The exact incidence of ischemic colitis is difficult to estimate, as many patients with mild ischemia may not seek medical attention. Ischemic colitis is responsible for about 1 in 2000 hospital admissions, and is seen on about 1 in 100 endoscopies. Men and women are affected equally; ischemic colitis is a disease of the elderly, with more than 90% of cases occurring in people over the age of 60.

Most patients with ischemic colitis recover fully, although the prognosis depends on the severity of the ischemia. Patients with pre-existing peripheral vascular disease or ischemia of the ascending (right) colon may be at increased risk for complications or death.

Non-gangrenous ischemic colitis, which comprises the vast majority of cases, is associated with a mortality rate of approximately 6%. However, the minority of patients who develop gangrene as a result of colonic ischemia have a mortality rate of 50-75% with surgical treatment; the mortality rate is almost 100% without surgical intervention.

The prognosis depends on prompt diagnosis (less than 12–24 hours and before gangrene) and the underlying cause:

- venous thrombosis: 32% mortality

- arterial embolism: 54% mortality

- arterial thrombosis: 77% mortality

- non-occlusive ischemia: 73% mortality.

In the case of prompt diagnosis and therapy, acute mesenteric ischemia can be reversible.

Many hypotheses have been raised for environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. They include the following:

- Diet: as the colon is exposed to many dietary substances which may encourage inflammation, dietary factors have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Few studies have investigated such an association; one study showed no association of refined sugar on the prevalence of ulcerative colitis. High intake of unsaturated fat and vitamin B6 may enhance the risk of developing ulcerative colitis. Other identified dietary factors that may influence the development and/or relapse of the disease include meat protein and alcoholic beverages. Specifically, sulfur has been investigated as being involved in the etiology of ulcerative colitis, but this is controversial. Sulfur restricted diets have been investigated in patients with UC and animal models of the disease. The theory of sulfur as an etiological factor is related to the gut microbiota and mucosal sulfide detoxification in addition to the diet.

- Breastfeeding: Some reports of the protection of breastfeeding in the development of inflammatory bowel disease contradict each other. One Italian study showed a potential protective effect.

- One study of isotretinoin found a small increase in the rate of ulcerative colitis.

The treatment of mesenteric ischemia depends on the cause, and can be medical or surgical. However, if bowel has become necrotic, the only treatment is surgical removal of the dead segments of bowel.

In non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia, where there is no blockage of the arteries supplying the bowel, the treatment is medical rather than surgical. People are admitted to the hospital for resuscitation with intravenous fluids, careful monitoring of laboratory tests, and optimization of their cardiovascular function. NG tube decompression and heparin anticoagulation may also be used to limit stress on the bowel and optimize perfusion, respectively.

Surgical revascularisation remains the treatment of choice for mesenteric ischaemia related to an occlusion of the vessels supplying the bowel, but thrombolytic medical treatment and vascular interventional radiological techniques have a growing role.

If the ischemia has progressed to the point that the affected intestinal segments are gangrenous, a bowel resection of those segments is called for. Often, obviously dead segments are removed at the first operation, and a second-look operation is planned to assess segments that are borderline that may be savable after revascularization.

Emergency action may be required if severe abdominal pain develops, particularly if it is accompanied by fever, rapid heart rate, tenderness when the abdomen is pressed, bloody diarrhea, frequent diarrhea, or painful bowel movements.

Colonoscopy is contraindicated, as it may rupture the dilated colon resulting in peritonitis and septic shock.

The risk of colorectal cancer is significantly increased in patients with ulcerative colitis after ten years if involvement is beyond the splenic flexure. Those patients with only proctitis or rectosigmoiditis usually have no increased risk. It is recommended that patients have screening colonoscopies with random biopsies to look for dysplasia after eight years of disease activity, at one to two year intervals.

Non-occlusive disease has a poor prognosis with survival rate between 40-50%.

The prognosis for lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis is good, and both conditions are considered to be benign. The majority of people afflicted with the conditions recover from their diarrhea, and their histological abnormalities resolve, although relapses commonly occur if maintenance treatment is not continued.

A higher incidence of autoimmune diseases, for example arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, thyroid disorders, and coeliac disease, has been reported in patients with microscopic colitis. Associations with various drugs have been found, especially proton pump inhibitors, H blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Bile acid diarrhea is found in 41% of patients with collagenous colitis and 29% with lymphocytic colitis. Additionally, smoking has been identified as a significant risk factor of microscopic colitis.

The prevalence of diverticulosis progressively increases with age. Approximately 50% of people over the age of 60 and 70% of people over the age of 80 have diverticulosis. This disease is common in the U.S., Britain, Australia, Canada, and is uncommon in Asia and Africa. Large-mouth diverticula are associated with scleroderma. Diverticular disease is more common in collagen disorders such as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome.

If the condition does not improve, the risk of death is significant. In case of poor response to conservative therapy, a colectomy is usually required.

The predisposition to diverticulosis for specific individuals is likely explained by a genetic component, a theory which is supported by studies examining the rates of diverticulosis among twins. The heritability of diverticulosis is estimated to be approximately 40%.

It is a serious medical disorder and the mortality rate can be as high as 30%. The high mortality rate is likely a measure that this syndrome is seen in critically ill patients, rather than this syndrome being in itself lethal, although it can also present in otherwise healthy individuals (especially if the disorder was induced by pharmacologic agents). Drug induced megacolon (i.e. from Clozapine) has been associated with mortality as high as 27.5%.

The differential diagnoses of acute abdomen include but are not limited to:

1. Acute appendicitis

2. Acute peptic ulcer and its complications

3. Acute cholecystitis

4. Acute pancreatitis

5. Acute intestinal ischemia (see section below)

6. Acute diverticulitis

7. Ectopic pregnancy with tubal rupture

8. Ovarian torsion

9. Acute peritonitis (including hollow viscus perforation)

10. Acute ureteric colic

11. Bowel volvulus

12. Bowel obstruction

13. Acute pyelonephritis

14. Adrenal crisis

15. Biliary colic

16. Abdominal aortic aneurysm

17. Familial Mediterranean fever

18. Hemoperitoneum

19. Ruptured spleen

20. Kidney stone

21. Sickle cell anaemia

Acute abdomen is occasionally used synonymously with peritonitis. While this is not entirely incorrect, peritonitis is the more specific term, referring to inflammation of the peritoneum. It manifests on physical examination as rebound tenderness, or pain upon "removal" of pressure more than on "application" of pressure to the abdomen. Peritonitis may result from several of the above diseases, notably appendicitis and pancreatitis. While rebound tenderness is commonly associated with peritonitis, the most specific finding is rigidity.

Non-Occlusive Disease (NOD) or Non-Occlusive Mesenteric Ischaemia (NOMI) is a life-threatening condition including all types of mesenteric ischemia without mesenteric obstruction. It affects mainly elderly patients above 50 years of age who suffer from cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure or aortic insufficiency), hepatic, renal insufficiency or diabetes. It can be triggered also by a previous cardiac surgery with a consequent heart shock. It represents around 20% of cases of acute mesenteric ischaemia.

Ileus is a cause of colic in horses due to functional obstruction of the intestines. It most commonly seen in horses postoperatively, especially following colic surgery. Horses experiencing ileus are at risk for gastric rupture due to rapid reflux build-up, and require intense medical management with frequent nasogastric intubation. Ileus may increase adhesion formation, because intestinal segments have more prolonged contact and intestinal distention causes serosal injury and ischemia. It is usually treated with aggressive fluid support, prokinetics, and anti-inflammatories.

Risperidone, an anti-psychotic medication, can result in megacolon.

Toxic megacolon is mainly seen in ulcerative colitis and pseudomembranous colitis, two chronic inflammations of the colon (and occasionally, in the other type of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease). Its mechanism is incompletely understood. It is probably due to an excessive production of nitric oxide, at least in ulcerative colitis. The prevalence is about the same for both sexes.

In patients with HIV/AIDS, cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis is the leading cause of toxic megacolon and emergency laparotomy. CMV may also increase the risk of toxic megacolon in non-HIV/AIDS patients with IBD.

The prognosis for non-ischemic cases of SBO is good with mortality rates of 3–5%, while prognosis for SBO with ischemia is fair with mortality rates as high as 30%.

Cases of SBO related to cancer are more complicated and require additional intervention to address the malignancy, recurrence, and metastasis, and thus are associated with poorer prognosis.

All cases of abdominal surgical intervention are associated with increased risk of future small-bowel obstructions. Statistics from U.S. healthcare report 18.1% re-admittance rate within 30 days for patients who undergo SBO surgery. More than 90% of patients also form adhesions after major abdominal surgery.

Common consequences of these adhesions include small-bowel obstruction, chronic abdominal pain, pelvic pain, and infertility.

Ogilvie syndrome may occur after surgery, especially following coronary artery bypass surgery and total joint replacement. Drugs that disturb colonic motility (e.g., anticholinergics or opioid analgesics) contribute to the development of this condition.

Causes of intussusception are not clearly established or understood. About 90% of cases of intussusception in children arise from an unknown cause. They can include infections, anatomical factors, and altered motility.

- Meckel's diverticulum

- Polyp

- Duplication

- Appendix

- Hyperplasia of Peyer's patches

- Idiopathic

An earlier version of the rotavirus vaccine that is no longer used was linked to intussusception, but the current versions are not clearly linked. Due to a potential risk, they are thus not recommended in babies who have had intussusception.

Treatment of collagenous colitis is often challenging. Typically, one or more of the following therapeutic agents are used:

- Bismuth agents, including Pepto-Bismol

- 5-aminosalicylic acid

- Budesonide

- Immunosuppressants, including azathioprine

- Corticosteroids

Pilot-scale studies have shown some evidence of possible benefit for both "Boswellia serrata" extract and specific strains of probiotics in the treatment of collagenous colitis, although larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the results.

Causes of large bowel obstruction include:

- Neoplasms / cancer

- Diverticulitis / Diverticulosis

- Hernias

- Inflammatory bowel disease

- Colonic volvulus (sigmoid, caecal, transverse colon)

- Adhesions

- Constipation

- Fecal impaction

- Fecaloma

- Colon atresia

- Intestinal pseudoobstruction

- Endometriosis

- Narcotic induced (especially with the large doses given to cancer or palliative care patients)