A zebibah (Arabic زبيبة "zabība", "raisin"), also known as a zabiba or zebiba, or prayer bump, is a mark on the forehead of some Muslims, due to the friction generated by repeated contact of the forehead with the prayer mat during daily prayers.

Islam requires its adherents to pray five times a day (known as salat), which involves kneeling on a prayer mat and touching the ground with one's forehead. When done firmly for extended periods of time, a prayer bump may develop. Some Muslims may consider the presence of a prayer bump to be a sign of religious dedication and piety. Some Muslims also believe that on the day of judgment, this bump will particularly fluoresce an immense white light.

In extreme cases, the callus can be thick enough to create a real bump that protrudes from the forehead. They may also develop due to frequent prayer on hard surfaces such as stone floors.

A zebibah can be a type of acanthosis nigricans, which is a sign of insulin resistance usually from type 2 diabetes. In Egypt, where zebibahs are common, the rate of diabetes was 10.2% in 2000. However, it was much larger for certain groups. For instance, the rate of diabetes was 21.9% for women aged between 45–64 years old. In addition, it was estimated that up to 56% of men and 64% of women are obese. Many of these obese people can be pre-diabetic.

A chignon is a temporary swelling left on an infant's head after a ventouse suction cap has been used to deliver him or her. It is not a sign of serious injury and may take as little as two hours or as long as two weeks to disappear.

The condition may be a sign of various disease states, including but not exclusive to the following:

- Cancers

- Lymphoma

- Leukemia

- Infections

- HIV/AIDS

- Tuberculosis

- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection

- Infectious mononucleosis

- Fungal infections (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis)

- Lung abscess

- Infective endocarditis

- Brucellosis

- Pneumocystis pneumonia (most often - in immunocompromised individuals)

- Endocrine disorders

- Menopause

- Premature ovarian failure

- Hyperthyroidism

- Diabetes mellitus (nocturnal hypoglycemia)

- Endocrine tumors (pheochromocytoma, carcinoid)

- Orchiectomy

- Rheumatic disorders

- Takayasu's arteritis

- Temporal arteritis

- Other

- Obstructive sleep apnea

- Gastroesophageal reflux disease

- Chronic fatigue syndrome

- Fibromyalgia

- Granulomatous disease

- Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

- Lymphoid hyperplasia

- Diabetes insipidus

- Prinzmetal's angina

- Anxiety

- Pregnancy

- Drugs

- Antipyretics (salicylates, acetaminophen)

- Antihypertensives

- Dinitrophenol - a common side effect

- Phenothiazines

- Drug withdrawal: ethanol, benzodiazepines, heroin (and other opiates),

- Over-bundling

- Autonomic over-activity

- IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) - Crohn's disease/ulcerative colitis

Causes include

- Acute pancreatitis, whereby methemalbumin formed from digested blood tracks subcutaneously around the abdomen from the inflamed pancreas.

- Pancreatic hemorrhage

- Retroperitoneal hemorrhage

- Blunt abdominal trauma

- Ruptured / hemorrhagic ectopic pregnancy.

- Spontaneous bleeding secondary to coagulopathy (congenital or acquired)

- Aortic rupture, from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm or other causes.

In adults, most common causes are hemorrhoids and diverticulosis, both of which are relatively benign; however, it can also be caused by colorectal cancer, which is potentially fatal. In a newborn infant, haematochezia may be the result of swallowed maternal blood at the time of delivery, but can also be an initial symptom of necrotizing enterocolitis, a serious condition affecting premature infants. In babies, haematochezia in conjunction with abdominal pain is associated with intussusception. In adolescents and young adults, inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis, is a serious cause of haematochezia that must be considered and excluded.

Hematochezia can be due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. However, as the blood from such a bleed is usually chemically modified by action of acid and enzymes, it presents more commonly as black "tarry" feces known as melena. Haematochezia from an upper gastrointestinal source is an ominous sign, as it suggests a very significant bleed which is more likely to be life-threatening.

Beeturia can cause red colored feces after eating beets because of insufficient metabolism of a red pigment, and is a differential sign that may be mistaken as hematochezia.

Consumption of dragon fruit or pitaya may also cause red discoloration of the stool and sometimes the urine (pseudohematuria). This too, is a differential sign that is sometimes mistaken for hematochezia.

In infants, the Apt test can be used to distinguish fetal hemoglobin from maternal blood.

Other common causes of blood in the stool include:

- Colorectal cancer

- Crohns disease

- Ulcerative colitis

- Other types of inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, or ulceration

- Rectal or anal hemorrhoids or anal fissures, particularly if they rupture or are otherwise irritated

- "Shigella" or shiga toxin producing "E. coli" food poisoning

- Necrotizing enterocolitis

- Diverticulosis

- Salmonellosis

- Upper gastrointestinal bleeding

- Peptic ulcer disease

- Esophageal varices

- Gastric cancer

- Intense exercise, especially a high-impact activity like running in hot weather.

Fremitus is a vibration transmitted through the body. In common medical usage, it usually refers to assessment of the lungs by either the vibration intensity felt on the chest wall ("tactile fremitus") and/or heard by a stethoscope on the chest wall with certain spoken words ("vocal fremitus"), although there are several other types.

The association with Anne of Denmark is based on portraiture, although history does not suggest that she suffered an underactive thyroid. The eponym is disputed by some, though it has been suggested that Anne of France, Anne of Brittany, Anne of Austria, Anne Boleyn and Anne of Cleves may all be eliminated as candidates.

The Sign of Hertoghe or Queen Anne's sign is a thinning or loss of the outer third of the eyebrows, and is a classical sign of hypothyroidism or dermatitis atopica, but it can also be detected in lepromatous leprosy. The sign is named after Eugene Hertoghe of Antwerp, a pioneer in thyroid function research.

The occurrence (incidence) on abdominal or chest X-rays is around 0.1% but it can be up to 1% in series of older adults. It has also been reported in children.

Matchbox sign is a psychiatric finding. Patients with delusional parasitosis often arrive at the doctor's office with what healthcare professionals call the "matchbox sign", a medical sign characterized by the patient making collections of fibers and other foreign objects supposedly retrieved from the skin. The name refers to the fact that such collections can be stored in matchboxes or other similar small containers, which are then presented to the patient's physician.

When a person speaks, the vocal cords create vibrations ("vocal fremitus") in the tracheobronchial tree and through the lungs and chest wall, where they can be felt ("tactile fremitus"). This is usually assessed with the healthcare provider placing the flat of their palms on the chest wall and then asking a patient to repeat a diphthong such as "blue balloons" or "toys for tots" (the original diphthong used was the German word Neunundneunzig but the translation to the English 'ninety nine' was not a diphthong and thus not as effective in eliciting fremitus). An increase in tactile fremitus indicates denser or inflamed lung tissue, which can be caused by diseases such as pneumonia. A decrease suggests air or fluid in the pleural spaces or a decrease in lung tissue density, which can be caused by diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.

Grey Turner's sign refers to bruising of the s, the part of the body between the last rib and the top of the hip. The bruising appears as a blue discoloration, and is a sign of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, or bleeding behind the peritoneum, which is a lining of the abdominal cavity. Grey Turner's sign takes 24–48 hours to develop, and can predict a severe attack of acute pancreatitis.

Grey Turner's sign may be accompanied by Cullen's sign. Both signs may be indicative of pancreatic necrosis with retroperitoneal or intraabdominal bleeding. Grey Turner's sign is named after British surgeon George Grey Turner.

Night sweats, also known as nocturnal hyperhidrosis, is the occurrence of excessive sweating during sleep. The person may or may not also suffer from excessive perspiration while awake.

One of the most common causes of night sweats in women over 40 is the hormonal changes related to menopause and perimenopause. This is a very common occurrence during the menopausal transition years.

While night sweats might be relatively harmless, it can also be a sign of a serious underlying disease. It is important to distinguish night sweats due to medical causes from those that occur simply because the sleep environment is too warm, either because the bedroom is unusually hot or because there are too many covers on the bed. Night sweats caused by a medical condition or infection can be described as "severe hot flashes occurring at night that can drench sleepwear and sheets, which are not related to the environment". Some of the underlying medical conditions and infections that cause these severe night sweats can be life-threatening and should promptly be investigated by a medical practitioner.

Causes include:

- acute pancreatitis, where methemalbumin formed from digested blood tracks around the abdomen from the inflamed pancreas

- bleeding from blunt abdominal trauma

- bleeding from aortic rupture

- bleeding from ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Importance of the sign is on a decline since better diagnostic modalities are now available.

Chvostek's sign is found in tetany.

It may also be present in hypomagnesemia, Magnesium is a cofactor for Adenylate cyclase. The reaction that Adenylate cyclase catalyzes is the conversion of ATP to 3',5'-cyclic AMP. The 3',5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) is required for parathyroid hormone activation. It is frequently seen in alcoholics, persons with diarrhea, patients taking aminoglycosides or diuretics, because hypomagnesemia can cause hypocalcemia. It is also seen in measles, tetanus and myxedema.

It can also be found in subjects with respiratory alkalosis, for example as a result of hyperventilation syndrome, which can lead to a drastic reduction of the concentration in serum of calcium ions while at normal levels, for the binding of a significant proportion of ionized calcium (Ca 2+ ) with albumin and globulins.

Cullen's sign is superficial edema and bruising in the subcutaneous fatty tissue around the umbilicus.

It is named for gynecologist Thomas Stephen Cullen (1869–1953), who first described the sign in ruptured ectopic pregnancy in 1916.

This sign takes 24–48 hours to appear and can predict acute pancreatitis, with mortality rising from 8–10% to 40%. It may be accompanied by Grey Turner's sign (bruising of the flank), which may then be indicative of pancreatic necrosis with retroperitoneal or intraabdominal bleeding.

The exact cause is not always known, but it may occur in patients with a long and mobile colon (dolichocolon), chronic lung disease such as emphysema, or liver problems such as cirrhosis and ascites. Chilaiditi's sign is generally not associated with symptoms, and is most commonly an incidental finding in normal individuals.

Absence or laxity of the ligament suspending the transverse colon or of the falciform ligament are also thought to contribute to the condition. It can also be associated with relative atrophy of the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver. In this case, the gallbladder position is often anomalous as well – it is often located anterior to the liver, rather than posterior.

A supernumerary nipple (also known as a third nipple, triple nipple, accessory nipple, polythelia or the related condition: polymastia) is an additional nipple occurring in mammals, including humans. Often mistaken for moles, supernumerary nipples are diagnosed in humans at a rate of approximately 1 in 18 people.

The nipples appear along the two vertical "milk lines," which start in the armpit on each side, run down through the typical nipples and end at the groin. They are classified into eight levels of completeness from a simple patch of hair to a milk-bearing breast in miniature.

"Polythelia" refers to the presence of an additional nipple alone while "polymastia" denotes the much rarer presence of additional mammary glands.

Although usually presenting on the milk line, pseudomamma can appear as far away as the foot.

A possible relationship with mitral valve prolapse has been proposed.

Hematochezia is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools (contrast with melena). Hematochezia is commonly associated with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but may also occur from a brisk upper gastrointestinal bleed. The difference between hematochezia and rectorrhagia is that, in the latter, rectal bleeding is not associated with defecation; instead, it is associated with expulsion of fresh bright red blood without stools. The phrase bright red blood per rectum (BRBPR) is associated with hematochezia and rectorrhagia. It is also important to differentiate from hematopapyrus - blood on the toilet paper noticed when wiping. The term is from Greek αἷμα ("blood") and χέζειν ("to defaecate").

Hitting a point between the middle third and upper third of the line joining the angle of the mouth to the zygomatic process gives rise to only a contraction of the muscles of the mouth and nose.

Trousseau sign of latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium. From 1 to 4 percent of normal patients will test positive for Trousseau's sign of latent tetany. This sign may be positive before other manifestations of hypocalcemia such as hyperreflexia and tetany, as such it is generally believed to be more sensitive (94%) than the Chvostek sign (29%) for hypocalcemia.

To elicit the sign, a blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery. In the absence of blood flow, the patient's hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm. The wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints flex, the DIP and PIP joints extend, and the fingers adduct. The sign is also known as main d'accoucheur (French for ""hand of the obstetrician"") because it supposedly resembles the position of an obstetrician's hand in delivering a baby.

The sign is named after French physician Armand Trousseau who described the phenomenon in 1861. It is distinct from the Trousseau sign of malignancy.

Winterbottom's sign is seen in the early phase of African trypanosomiasis, a disease caused by the parasites "Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense" and "Trypanosoma brucei gambiense" which is more commonly known as African sleeping sickness. Dr. Anthony Martinelli describes Winterbottom's sign as the swelling of lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) along the back of the neck, in the posterior cervical chain of lymph nodes, as trypanosomes travel in the lymphatic fluid and cause inflammation.

It may be suggestive of cerebral infection.

Hutchinson's mask is a patient's sensation that the face is covered with a mask or a gauzy network like cobwebs. This medical sign is associated with tabes dorsalis affecting the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve CN V). It is named in honour of the English physician Sir Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913).

The term Winterbottom's sign derives from descriptions of the posterior cervical lymphadenopathy associated with African trypanosomiasis made by a slave trader using the sign to weed out the ill.

It results from cholesterol deposits in or hyalinosis of the corneal stroma, and may be associated with ocular defects or with familial hyperlipidemia. It is common in the apparently healthy middle aged and elderly; a prospective cohort study of 12,745 Danes followed up for a mean of 22 years found that it had no clinical value as a predictor of cardiovascular disease.

It can be a sign of disturbance in lipid metabolism, an indicator of conditions such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinemia or hyperlipidemia.

Unilateral arcus is a sign of decreased blood flow to the unaffected eye, due to carotid artery disease or ocular hypotony.

People over the age of 60 may present with a ring-shaped, grayish-white deposit of phospholipid and cholesterol near the peripheral edge of the cornea.

Younger people with the same abnormality at the edge of the cornea would be termed arcus juvenilis.