While there is no cure for HPS, treatment for chronic hemorrhages associated with the disorder includes therapy with vitamin E and the antidiuretic dDAVP.

A preoperative pulmonology consultation is needed. The anesthesia team should

be aware that patients may have postoperative pulmonary complications as part

of the syndrome.

Preoperative hematology consultation is advisable prior to elective ocular

surgeries. Since patients with the syndrome have bleeding tendencies,

intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative hemorrhages should be

prevented and treated. If platelet aggregation improves with desmopressin, it

may be administered in the preoperative period. However, sometimes

plasmapheresis is needed in the perioperative period.

Ophthalmologists should try to avoid retrobulbar blocks in patients with the

syndrome. Whenever possible, patients with HPS may benefit from general

endotracheal anesthesia. Phacoemulsification may help prevent intraoperative

and postoperative bleeding in patients with the syndrome. Prolonged bleeding

has been reported following strabismus surgery in patients with the syndrome.

Once the main cause of the disease is treated, a diet of low-fat and high-protein aliments, supplemental calcium and certain vitamins has been shown to reduce symptom effects. This diet, however, is not a cure. If the diet is stopped, the symptoms will eventually reappear.

Treatment: There is no treatment or way to reverse the disease. Treatment will focus on the symptoms an individual has, such as seizure medication.

- It is possible that if an individual receives a bone marrow transplant, they could receive healthy bone marrow cells which would produce normal amounts of fucosidase. But there not is enough research to prove this is an effective treatment.

There is no cure for GSS, nor is there any known treatment to slow the progression of the disease. However, therapies and medication are aimed at treating or slowing down the effects of the symptoms. Their goal is to try to improve the patient's quality of life as much as possible. Despite there being no cure for GSS, it is possible to undergo testing for the presence of the underlying genetic mutation. Testing for GSS involves a blood and DNA examination in order to attempt to detect the mutated gene at certain codons. If the genetic mutation is present, the patient will eventually be afflicted by GSS, and, due to the genetic nature of the disease, the offspring of the patient are predisposed to a higher risk of inheriting the mutation.

Guidelines for management of patients up to 18 years with Langerhans cell histiocytosis has been suggested. Treatment is guided by extent of disease. Solitary bone lesion may be amenable through excision or limited radiation, dosage of 5-10 Gys for children, 24-30 Gys for adults. However systemic diseases often require chemotherapy. Use of systemic steroid is common, singly or adjunct to chemotherapy. Local steroid cream is applied to skin lesions. Endocrine deficiency often require lifelong supplement e.g. desmopressin for diabetes insipidus which can be applied as nasal drop. Chemotherapeutic agents such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, vinca alkaloids either singly or in combination can lead to complete remission in diffuse disease.

Current treatment options include:

- Surgical debulking

- High-dose Corticosteroid therapy

- Cyclosporin

- Interferon-α

- Chemotherapy

- Vemurafenib. It would appear that approximately half these patients harbor point mutations of the BRAF gene at codon 600 substituting the amino acid glutamine for valine. Vemurafenib, an oral FDA approved targeted agent to the BRAF protein for melanoma, shows dramatic activity in patients Erdheim–Chester disease whose tumor contains the same mutation. In 2017 the US FDA approved vemurafenib for this indication.

- Radiation therapy

All current treatments have had varying degrees of success.

The vinca alkaloids and anthracyclines have been used most commonly in ECD treatment.

Early and aggressive treatment is important to prevent irreversible neurological damage, hearing loss, or vision loss. Medications used include immunosuppressive agents and corticosteroids such a prednisone, or intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG). Other drugs that have been used are mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept), azathioprine (Imuran), cyclophosphamide, rituximab, and anti-TNF therapies.

Hearing aids or cochlear implants may be necessary in the event of hearing loss.

There is no current cure. The only way to treat this disease is by treating symptoms. Commonly patients are prescribed immunosuppressive drugs. Another route would be to take collagen regulation drugs.

There is no cure or treatment for GSS. It can, however, be identified through genetic testing. GSS is the slowest to progress among human prion diseases. Duration of illness can range from 3 months to 13 years, with an average duration of 5 or 6 years.

Treatment can involve operations to lengthen the leg bones, which involves many visits to the hospital. Other symptoms can be treated with medicine or surgery. Most female patients with the syndrome can live a long and normal life, while males have only survived in rare cases.

Treatment is not needed in the asymptomatic patient. Symptomatic patients may benefit from surgical debulking of the tumor. Complete tumor removal is not usually needed and can be difficult due to the tumor location.

Adult-onset Still's disease is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. Steroids such as prednisone are used to treat severe symptoms of Still's. Other commonly used medications include hydroxychloroquine, penicillamine, azathioprine, methotrexate, etanercept, anakinra, cyclophosphamide, adalimumab, rituximab, and infliximab.

Newer drugs target interleukin-1 (IL-1), particularly IL-1β. A randomized, multicenter trial reported better outcomes in a group of 12 patients treated with anakinra than in a group of 10 patients taking other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Other anti-IL1β drugs are being developed, including canakinumab and rilonacept.

The condition "juvenile-onset Still's disease" is now usually grouped under juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. However, there is some evidence that the two conditions are closely related.

No specific cure is known. Treatment is largely supportive. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are indicated for tender lymph nodes and fever, and corticosteroids are useful in severe extranodal or generalized disease.

Symptomatic measures aimed at relieving the distressing local and systemic complaints have been described as the main line of management of KFD. Analgesics, antipyretics, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids have been used. If the clinical course is more severe, with multiple flares of bulky enlarged cervical lymph nodes and fever, then a low-dose corticosteroid treatment has been suggested.

Physical therapy is the predominant treatment of symptoms. Orthopedic shoes and foot surgery can be used to manage foot problems.

Excellent for single-focus disease. With multi-focal disease 60% have a chronic course, 30% achieve remission and mortality is up to 10%.

A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population. In some parts of the world, an orphan disease is a rare disease whose rarity means there's a lack of a market large enough to gain support and resources for discovering treatments for it, except by the government granting economically advantageous conditions to creating and selling such treatments. Orphan drugs are ones so created or sold.

Most rare diseases are genetic, and thus are present throughout the person's entire life, even if symptoms do not immediately appear. Many rare diseases appear early in life, and about 30 percent of children with rare diseases will die before reaching their fifth birthday. With a single diagnosed patient only, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency is considered the rarest genetic disease.

No single cutoff number has been agreed upon for which a disease is considered rare. A disease may be considered rare in one part of the world, or in a particular group of people, but still be common in another.

Global Genes have estimated that more than 300 million people worldwide are living with one of the 7,000 diseases they define as "rare" in the United States.

Treatment of Gorham's disease is for the most part palliative and limited to symptom management.

Sometimes the bone destruction spontaneously ceases and no treatment is required. But when the disease is progressive, aggressive intervention may be necessary. Duffy and colleagues reported that around 17% of patients with Gorham's disease in the ribs, shoulder, or upper spine experience extension of the disease into the chest, leading to chylothorax with its serious consequences, and that the mortality rate in this group can reach as high as 64% without surgical intervention.

A search of the medical literature reveals multiple case reports of interventions with varying rates of success as follows:

Cardiothoracic (heart & lung):

- Pleurodesis

- Ligation of thoracic duct

- Pleurperitoneal shunt

- Radiation therapy

- Pleurectomy

- Surgical resection

- Thalidomide

- Interferon alpha-2b

- TPN (total parenteral nutrition)

- Thoracentesis

- Diet rich in medium-chain triglycerides and protein

- Chemotherapy

- Sclerotherapy

- Transplantation

Skeletal:

- Interferon alpha-2b

- Bisphosphonate (e.g. pamidronate)

- Surgical resection

- Radiation therapy

- Sclerotherapy

- Percutaneous bone cement

- Bone graft

- Prosthesis

- Surgical stabilization

- Amputation

To date, there are no known interventions that are consistently effective for Gorham's and all reported interventions are considered experimental treatments, though many are routine for other conditions. Some patients may require a combination of these approaches. Unfortunately, some patients will not respond to any intervention.

It is nearly always fatal unless, like short bowel syndrome patients, treated with parenteral nutrition or an intestinal transplant. The patient is often classified as being in "intestinal failure" and treated with the cohort of patients known as "short bowel syndrome" patients.

Because of definitions that include reference to treatment availability, a lack of resources, and severity of the disease, the term "orphan disease" is used as a synonym for "rare disease". But in the United States and the European Union, "orphan diseases" have a distinct legal meaning. The orphan drug movement began in the United States.

The United States' Orphan Drug Act includes both rare diseases and any non-rare diseases "for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for such disease or condition will [be] recovered from sales in the United States of such drug" as "orphan diseases".

The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) also includes both rare diseases and neglected diseases into a larger category of "orphan diseases".

There are no prospective randomized controlled trials studying therapies for relapsing polychondritis. Evidence for efficacy of treatments is based on case reports and series of small groups of patients.

For mild cases limited to joint pain or arthritis, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used. Other treatments typically involve medications to suppress the immune system. Corticosteroids are frequently used for more serious disease. Steroid-sparing medications such as azathioprine or methotrexate may be used to minimize steroid doses and limit the side effects of steroids. For severe disease cyclophosphamide is often given in addition to high dose intravenous steroids.

The frequency is unknown, but the disease is considered to be very rare.

Zeichi-Ceide syndrome is a rare disease discovered in 2007. It is named after its discoverer, R.M. Zeichi-Ceide, who observed three siblings born of consanguineous parents with distinctive characteristics, including facial anomalies, large feet, mental deficiency, and occipital atretic cephalocele. The investigators suspected the symptoms were caused by autosomal recessive inheritance.

As a rare disease, Zeichi-Ceide syndrome is registered in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and the U.S. National Institutes of Health's Genetic and Rare Diseases databases.

The treatment is some form of Vitamin E supplementation.

Aggressive vitamin E replacement therapy has been shown to either prevent, halt or improve visual abnormalities.

Splenectomy is usually ineffective for the treatment of cold agglutinin disease, because the liver is the predominant site of sequestration. However, if the patient has splenomegaly, then the disease may respond to splenectomy. More importantly, a lymphoma localized to the spleen may only be found after splenectomy.