A common cause of pneumaturia is colovesical fistula (communication between the colon and bladder). These may occur as a complication of diverticular disease.

Other key differentials:

- Crohn's disease

- Carcinoma of the colon or bladder

- A gas-producing UTI (emphysematous cystitis: rare).

Male scuba divers utilizing condom catheters or female divers using a She-p external catching device for their dry suits are also susceptible to pneumaturia.

Diagnosis is made by patient history of passing air or a sputtering urine stream. CT scans may show air in the urinary bladder or bladder walls.

A vesicointestinal fistula (or intestinovesical fistula) is a form of fistula between the bladder and the bowel.

A fistula involving the bladder can have one of many specific names, describing the specific location of its outlet:

- Bladder and intestine: "vesicoenteric", "enterovesical", or "vesicointestinal"

- Bladder and colon: "vesicocolic" or "colovesical"

- Bladder and rectum: "vesicorectal" or "rectovesical"

Treating proteinuria mainly needs proper diagnosis of the cause.

The most common cause is diabetic nephropathy; in this case, proper glycemic control may slow the progression. Medical management consists of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, which are typically first-line therapy for proteinuria. In patients whose proteinuria is not controlled with ACE inhibitors, the addition of an aldosterone antagonist (i.e., spironolactone) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) may further reduce protein loss. Caution must be used if these agents are added to ACE inhibitor therapy due to the risk of hyperkalemia.

Proteinuria secondary to autoimmune disease should be treated with steroids or steroid-sparing agent plus the use of ACE inhibitors.

Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in the urine. In healthy persons, urine contains very little protein; an excess is suggestive of illness. Excess protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy, although foamy urine may also be caused by bilirubin in the urine (bilirubinuria), retrograde ejaculation, pneumaturia (air bubbles in the urine) due to a fistula, or drugs such as pyridium.