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Currently there is no specific treatment for this condition. Management is supportive.
There is no known cure for this syndrome. Patients usually need ophthalmic surgery and may also need dental surgery
Genetic counseling and screening of the mother's relatives is recommended.
Children with CHARGE syndrome may have a number of life-threatening medical conditions; with advances in medical care, these children can survive and can thrive with the support of a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals. Therapies and education must take into consideration hearing impairment, vision problems, and any others. Early intervention, such as occupational, speech-language, and physical therapy, to improve static posture, ambulation, and self-care skills is important. The intelligence of children with multiple health impairments, such as combined deafblindness, can be underestimated in the absence of early intervention.
Medical management of children with Trisomy 13 is planned on a case-by-case basis and depends on the individual circumstances of the patient. Treatment of Patau syndrome focuses on the particular physical problems with which each child is born. Many infants have difficulty surviving the first few days or weeks due to severe neurological problems or complex heart defects. Surgery may be necessary to repair heart defects or cleft lip and cleft palate. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy will help individuals with Patau syndrome reach their full developmental potential. Surviving children are described as happy and parents report that they enrich their lives. The cited study grouped Edwards syndrome, which is sometimes survivable beyond toddlerhood, along with Patau, hence the median age of 4 at the time of data collection.
There is currently no specified treatment for individuals suffering from otodental syndrome. Considering that there are many possible genetic and phenotypic associations with the condition, treatment is provided based on each individual circumstance. It is recommended that those affected seek ear, nose & throat specialists, dental health specialists, and facial oral health specialists immediately; in order to determine potential treatment options.
Common treatment methods given are:
- Dental treatment/management – which can be complex, interdisciplinary and requires a regular follow up. Tooth extraction(s)and if needed, medications may be administered for pain, anxiety, and anti-inflammation. The affected individual is usually placed on a strict and preventative dental regiment in order to maintain appropriate oral hygiene and health.
- Endodontic treatment – individuals consult with an endodontist to analyze the individuals dental pulp. Typically endodontic treatment proves to be difficult due to duplicated pulp canals within the affected teeth. There may be a need for multiple extractions as well. Dental prosthesis and/or dental implants may be necessary for individuals that lack proper oral function, appearance, and comfort.
- Orthodontic treatment – given the predicament of the size and location of the affected oral area, molars and canines, orthodontic treatment is generally required in order treat any problems associated with the individuals bite pattern and tooth appearance.
- Hearing aids – in some cases affected individuals will suffer from hearing imparities and it may be necessary for hearing aid use.
The functional prognosis is mostly good with those that suffer from otodental syndrome. Appropriate dental treatment, hearing aids, and visitation to necessary specialists are recommended. Quality of life may be affected by psychological and functional aspects. It is also recommended that genetic counseling be given to families that have or may have this condition.
Treatment for individuals with Dandy–Walker Syndrome generally consists of treating the associated problems, if needed.
A special tube (shunt) to reduce intracranial pressure may be placed inside the skull to control swelling. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy is also an option.
Treatment may also consist of various therapies such as occupational therapy, physiotherapy, speech therapy or specialized education. Services of a teacher of students with blindness/visual impairment may be helpful if the eyes are affected.
Children with CHARGE syndrome will vary greatly in their abilities in the classroom: some may need little support, while some may require full-time support and individualized programs.
Taking each of the various affected body systems into account is vital to the success of the child in the educational setting.
An important step in dealing with abnormal behavior is understanding why it is occurring and helping the child learn more appropriate methods of communicating. Before a child reaches age 18 (or the age of maturity in their country) doctors and specialists need to be found that will follow the individual in adulthood.
The outcome of this disease is dependent on the severity of the cardiac defects. Approximately 1 in 3 children with this diagnosis require shunting for the hydrocephaly that is often a consequence. Some children require extra assistance or therapy for delayed psychomotor and speech development, including hypotonia.
Vestronidase alfa-vjbk (Mepsevii) is the only drug approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients.
Prognoses for 3C syndrome vary widely based on the specific constellation of symptoms seen in an individual. Typically, the gravity of the prognosis correlates with the severity of the cardiac abnormalities. For children with less severe cardiac abnormalities, the developmental prognosis depends on the cerebellar abnormalities that are present. Severe cerebellar hypoplasia is associated with growth and speech delays, as well as hypotonia and general growth deficiencies.
Currently there are no open research studies for otodental syndrome. Due to the rarity of this disease, current research is very limited.
The most recent research has involved case studies of the affected individuals and/or families, all of which show the specific phenotypic symptoms of otodental syndrome. Investigations on the effects of FGF3 and FADD have also been performed. These studies have shown successes in supporting previous studies that mutations to FGF3 and neighboring genes may cause the associated phenotypic abnormalities. According to recent studies involving zebrafish embryos, there is also support in that the FADD gene contributed to ocular coloboma symptoms as well.
Future research studies are required in order to better grasp the specific relationship between the gene involved and its effect on various tissues and organs such as teeth, eyes, and ear. Little is known and there is still much to be determined.
There is no specific treatment for micro syndrome, but there are ways to help the disorders, and illnesses that come with it. Many individuals with Micro Syndrome need permanent assistance from their disorders and inabilities to move and support themselves. Seizures are not uncommon and patients should get therapy to help control them, and many patients also require wheelchairs to move, so an assistant would be needed at all times.
Those with micro syndrome are born appearing normal. At the age of one, mental and physical delays become apparent, along with some limb spasms. By the age of eight micro syndrome has already set in, and the patient will have joint contractures, Ocular Atrophy will become noticeable, the patient will most likely lose ability to walk, speak, and sometimes move at all.
Temporary alleviation can be achieved by inserting an oral airway into the mouth. However, the only definitive treatment is surgery to correct the defect by perforating the atresia to create a nasopharyngeal airway. If the blockage is caused by bone, this is drilled through and stent inserted. The patient has to have this sucked out by an air vacuum machine . And in later life as a teenager or in early twenties the hole will have to be re-drilled larger.
A stent may be inserted to keep the newly formed airway patent or repeated dilatation may be performed.
More than 80% of children with Patau syndrome die within the first year of life. Children with the mosaic variation are usually affected to a lesser extent. In a retrospective Canadian study of 174 children with trisomy 13, median survival time was 12.5 days. One and ten year survival was 19.8% and 12.9% respectively.
Scalp–ear–nipple syndrome (also known as "Finlay–Marks syndrome") is a condition associated with aplasia cutis congenita.
Miller syndrome is a genetic condition also known as the Genee–Wiedemann syndrome, Wildervanck–Smith syndrome, or postaxial acrofacial dystosis. The incidence of this condition is not known, but it is considered extremely rare. It is due to a mutation in the DHODH gene. Nothing is known of its pathogenesis.
Kapur–Toriello syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. The defining feature of Kapur–Toriello syndrome is abnormal morphology of the columella, which extends below the margin of the nares.
Cohen syndrome is diagnosed by clinical examination, but often difficult due to variation in expression.
Ocular complications, though rare, are listed as optic atrophy, microphthalmia, pigmentary chorioretinitis, hemeralopia (decreased vision in bright light), myopia, strabismus, nystagmus and iris/retinal coloboma.
General appearance is obesity with thin/elongated arms and legs. Micrognathia, short philtrum, and high vaulted palate are common. Variable mental retardation with occasional seizure and deafness also is characteristic of Cohen syndrome.
Brain MRI shows vermis atrophy or hypoplasic. Cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with white matter changes in some cases.
A Cochrane review concluded that "simple maternal hydration appears to increase amniotic fluid volume and may be beneficial in the management of oligohydramnios and prevention of oligohydramnios during labour or prior to external cephalic version."
In severe cases oligohydramnios may be treated with amnioinfusion during labor to prevent umbilical cord compression. There is uncertainty about the procedure's safety and efficacy, and it is recommended that it should only be performed in centres specialising in invasive fetal medicine and in the context of a multidisciplinary team.
In case of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction, fetal surgery seems to improve survival, according to a randomized yet small study.
Donnai–Barrow syndrome is a genetic disorder first described by Dian Donnai and Margaret Barrow in 1993. It is associated with "LRP2". It is an inherited (genetic) disorder that affects many parts of the body.
The genetic disorder Yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome, also known as Warburg-Thomsen syndrome, is a condition caused by a mutation on the SRY-related HMG-box gene 10 (not SOX10).
It was characterized in 1990, after being seen in two siblings from Yemen who presented with a "hitherto undescribed association of microcornea, colobomata of the iris and choroidea, nystagmus, severe early hearing loss, and patchy hypo- and hyperpigmentation." Some sources affirm "SOX10" involvement.
Cohen syndrome (also known as Pepper syndrome or Cervenka syndrome, named after Michael Cohen, William Pepper and Jaroslav Cervenka, who researched the illness) is a genetic disorder.
Nance–Horan syndrome is a rare X linked syndrome characterized by congenital cataract leading to profound vision loss, characteristic dysmorphic features and dental anomalies. Microcornea, microphthalmia and mild or moderate mental retardation may accompany these features. Heterozygous females often manifest similarly but with less severe features than affected males.
There are currently no known genes linked to Kapur–Toriello syndrome.