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Because the eruption is transient and self-limiting, no treatment is indicated.
Erythema multiforme is frequently self-limiting and requires no treatment. The appropriateness of glucocorticoid therapy can be uncertain, because it is difficult to determine if the course will be a resolving one.
No treatment is usually needed as they usually go away anywhere from months to years. The lesions may last from anywhere between 4 weeks to 34 years with an average duration of 11 months. If caused by an underlying disease or malignancy, then treating and removing the disease or malignancy will stop the lesions. It usually doesn't require treatment, but topical corticosteroids may be helpful in reducing redness, swelling and itchiness.
Some supported and not supported methods of having an effect on EAC include:
- Photosensitive so it can be moved/reduced with appropriate sunlight.
- Vitamin D
- Immune system - hence it will increase in size/number when the immune system is low or overloaded.
- Hormone Drugs
- Disulone
- Stress reduction
- Topical calcipotriol - a topical vitamin D derivative has been known to be beneficial
With no particular affinity to any particular ethnic group, seen in all age groups and equally amongst males and females, the precise prevalence is not known.
Many suspected aetiologic factors have been reported to cause EM.
- Infections: Bacterial (including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, haemolytic "Streptococci", legionellosis, leprosy, "Neisseria meningitidis, Mycobacterium, "Pneumococcus, "Salmonella" species, "Staphylococcus" species, "Mycoplasma pneumoniae), "Chlamydial.
- Fungal (Coccidioides immitis)
- Parasitic ("Trichomonas" species, "Toxoplasma gondii), "
- Viral (especially Herpes simplex)
- Drug reactions, most commonly to: antibiotics (including, sulphonamides, penicillin), anticonvulsants (phenytoin, barbiturates), aspirin, antituberculoids, and allopurinol and many others.
- Physical factors: radiotherapy, cold, sunlight
- Others: collagen diseases, vasculitides, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukaemia, multiple myeloma, myeloid metaplasia, polycythemia
EM minor is regarded as being triggered by HSV in almost all cases. A herpetic aetiology also accounts for 55% of cases of EM major. Among the other infections, "Mycoplasma" infection appears to be a common cause.
Herpes simplex virus suppression and even prophylaxis (with acyclovir) has been shown to prevent recurrent erythema multiforme eruption.
A single case report suggested that oral dapsone may be useful for prevention. However, the efficacy of oral dapsone as prevention has not been demonstrated very clearly until now.
NEH is self-limited and usually resolves without treatment. In the overwhelming majority of the cases, spontaneous resolution occurs within 1–2 weeks.
However, if the patient developed NEH after chemotherapy, the offending cytotoxic drug has to be discontinued, and the patient must avoid this particular cytotoxic drug in the future, because NEH usually re occurs upon re exposure to the same cytotoxic drug.
Despite the fact that NEH is self limited and usually resolves without treatment, some researchers use treatment, mainly systemic corticosteroids, although the efficacy of such a therapy has not been demonstrated in a large randomised controlled clinical trial until now.
The cause of erythema toxicum is thought to be an activation of the immune system. Some neonates are more sensitive than others and develop erythematous spots all over the body. Another theory is hypersensitivity to detergents in bedsheets and clothing is sometimes suspected, but the connection remains unproven.
It is thought to be a benign condition that causes no discomfort to the infant. The rash will generally disappear spontaneously in about 2 weeks.
Erythema nodosum is self-limiting and usually resolves itself within 3–6 weeks. A recurring form does exist, and in children it is attributed to repeated infections with streptococcus. Treatment should focus on the underlying cause. Symptoms can be treated with bedrest, leg elevation, compressive bandages, wet dressings, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). NSAIDs are usually more effective at the onset of EN versus with chronic disease.
Potassium iodide can be used for persistent lesions whose cause remains unknown. Corticosteroids and colchicine can be used in severe refractory cases. Thalidomide has been used successfully in the treatment of Erythema nodosum leprosum, and it was approved by the U.S. FDA for this use in July 1998.
Id reactions are frequently unresponsive to corticosteroid therapy, but clear when the focus of infection or infestation is treated. Therefore, the best treatment is to treat the provoking trigger. Sometimes medications are used to relieve symptoms.These include topical corticosteroids, and antihistamines. If opportunistic bacterial infection occurs, antibiotics may be required.
Gianotti-Crosti disease is a harmless and self-limiting condition, so no treatment may be required. Treatment is mainly focused on controlling itching, symptomatic relief and to avoid any further complications. For symptomatic relief from itching, oral antihistamines or any soothing lotions like calamine lotion or zinc oxide may be used. If there are any associated conditions like streptococcal infections, antibiotics may be required.
The prognosis of SSSS in children is excellent, with complete resolution within 10 days of treatment, and without significant scarring. However, SSSS must be differentiated carefully from toxic epidermal necrolysis, which carries a poor prognosis. The prognosis in adults is generally much worse, and depends upon various factors such as time to treatment, host immunity, and comorbidities.
Both lyme disease and STARI can be treated with antibiotics, particularly doxycyclin.
The mainstay of treatment for SSSS is supportive care along with eradication of the primary infection. Conservative measures include rehydration, antipyretics (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin, and paracetamol), management of thermal burns, and stabilization. Parenteral antibiotics to cover "S. aureus" should be administered. Most strains of "S. aureus" implicated in SSSS have penicillinases, and are therefore penicillin resistant. Therefore, treatment with Nafcillin, oxacillin, or vancomycin is typically indicated. Clindamycin is sometimes also used because of its inhibition of exotoxins.
Erythema nodosum is the most common form of panniculitis. It is most common in the ages of 20–30, and affects women 3–6 times more than men.
About 15 percent of patients with inflammatory bowel disease develop erythema nodosum.
Often no specific cause for the eruptions is found. However, it is sometimes linked to underlying diseases and conditions such as:
- Food (including blue cheese or tomatoes).
- Contact Dermatitis (i.e. cleaning agents, fabric softeners, etc.)
- Fungal, Bacterial and Viral infections such as sinusitis, tuberculosis, candidiasis or tinea.
- Drugs including finasteride, etizolam (and benzodiazepines), chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, oestrogen, penicillin and amitriptyline.
- Cancer (especially the type known as erythema gyratum perstans, in which there are concentric and whirling rings).
- Primary biliary cirrhosis.
- Graves disease.
- Appendicitis.
- Lupus
- Pregnancy (EAC usually disappears/stops soon after delivery of baby).
- Hormone (Contraceptive Pill, Stress, Hormone Drugs)
- Lyme Disease
Erythema (redness) multiforme (EM) is usually a reaction of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs suddenly. It appears as a symmetrical rash and may include the mucous membrane lesions. This means that the body is sensitive to something that causes the skin and mucous membranes to react. The more common mild form is refer to as EM minor. It consists of a skin rash that involve no more than one mucosal surface. The sudden onset will progress rapidly as symmetrical lesions with circular color changes in some or all of the lesions. Rash will spread towards center or trunk of the body. Evenly distributed bumps on the skin become classic iris or target lesions. They have bright red borders and small white bumps in the center.
The cause of EM appears to be a highly sensitive reaction that can be triggered by a variety of causes. The causes can include bacterial, viral or chemical products, such as antibiotics – specifically penicillins or cephalosporins. This reaction is an allergic reaction and is in no way contagious.
Erythema multiforme minus is sometimes divided into papular and vesiulobullous forms.
The condition may disappear over time, but it is impossible to predict if or when this may happen.
Palmar erythema has no specific treatment. Management is based on the underlying cause. When its cause is treated then patients get relief. If it is attributable to a particular drug then the drug should be withdrawn.
Since most cases cause no symptoms, reassuring the person affected that the condition is entirely benign is usually the only treatment.
When symptoms are present, topical anesthetics can be used to provide temporary relief. Other medications that have been used to manage the symptoms include antihistamines, corticosteroids or anxiolytics, but these drugs have not been formally assessed for efficacy in geographic tongue. If some foods exacerbate or trigger the symptoms, then cutting these foods out of the diet may benefit. One uncontrolled trial has shown some benefit in controlling the symptoms of geographic tongue.
Lucio's phenomenon is treated by anti-leprosy therapy (dapsone, rifampin, and clofazimine), optimal wound care, and treatment for bacteremia including antibiotics. In severe cases exchange transfusion may be helpful.
Erythema multiforme major (also known as "erythema multiforme majus") is a form of rash with skin loss or epidermal detachment.
The term "erythema multiforme majus" is sometimes used to imply a bullous (blistering) presentation.
According to some sources, there are two conditions included on a spectrum of this same disease process:
- Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS)
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) which described by Alan Lyell and previously called Lyell syndrome[5].
In this view, EM major, SJS and TEN are considered a single condition, distinguished by degree of epidermal detachment.
However, a consensus classification separates erythema multiforme minor, erythema multiforme major, and SJS/TEN as three separate entities.
It can be caused by infection, massage, electrical treatment, acne medication, allergies, exercise, solar radiation (sunburn), cutaneous radiation syndrome, mercury toxicity, blister agents, niacin administration, or waxing and tweezing of the hairs—any of which can cause the capillaries to dilate, resulting in redness. Erythema is a common side effect of radiotherapy treatment due to patient exposure to ionizing radiation.
Erythema ab igne was once commonly seen in the elderly who stood or sat closely to open fires or electric heaters; however, erythema ab igne has been reported in both young and elderly individuals. Women have a higher incidence of erythema ab igne than men. Although wide use of central heating has reduced the overall incidence of erythema ab igne, it is still sometimes found in people exposed to heat from other sources such as heating pads, space heaters, hot water bottles, and electronic devices.
Baboon syndrome affects both sexes equally, and can occur at any age, but seems to be more common in childhood than in adulthood.