In 2016, interferon gamma/CXCL10 axis was hypothesized to be a target for treatments that reverse inflammation. Apremilast is undergoing investigation as a potential treatment .

There is no cure for lichen planus, and so treatment of cutaneous and oral lichen planus is for symptomatic relief or due to cosmetic concerns. When medical treatment is pursued, first-line treatment typically involves corticosteroids, and removal of any triggers. Without treatment, most lesions will spontaneously resolve within 6–9 months for cutaneous lesions, and longer for mucosal lesions.

There is no cure for Schamberg's disease; however, the itching can be controlled by a cortisone cream, and Colchicine treatment has been successfully used to prevent recurrence of the symptoms. This condition is not life-threatening or a major health concern. The only problem that patients will encounter is the itching and discoloration of the skin. It is recommended that patients take a vitamin C supplement to promote collagen production, which will help make the skin look and feel healthier. To prevent further irritation of the lesions, patients should avoid food with artificial colors and preservatives. Some people can be allergic to preservatives, which can cause the body to initiate an allergic reaction by further irritating those lesions. Several research studies have indicated that Schamberg's disease can be controlled and the number of lesions can be reduced with use a drug called aminaphtone. This drug helps improve capillary fragility and it prevents and controls the purpuric lesions.

A patient with Schamberg's disease can live a normal and healthy life. Since there is no proven cure for this condition, the patient will have to endure the lesions on his or her skin. With appropriate treatments, the condition may get better. Although the skin lesions are not life-threatening, it may cause a cosmetic concern for some individuals. Skin lesions may cause psychological discomfort, where patients may require reassurance to help with stress and anxiety. There are a few rare cases of T-cell lymphoma that has developed from Schamberg's disease.This is not a cause for concern, since the risk factors associated with Schamberg's disease are relatively low.

"Narrowband UVB therapy as an effective treatment for Schamberg's disease."

This research article proposed that narrowband UVB therapy can be considered as a treatment for pigmented purpura. A study was done on a 33 year old man who had a 3 month history of widespread pigmented purpura. Oral prescription of prednisolone and topical ointment helped controlled the purpuric eruptions, but when the medication was stopped, the rash recurred. Researchers placed the patient on a UV therapy for 5 months. The patient showed signs of improvement, where new purpuric eruptions stopped and some of the pigmented purpura disappeared. However, when the dose of the UV therapy was decreased, the patient showed signs of recurrence. Researchers want to monitor the patient for two years to see if the purpuric eruptions will stop and they believe that this patient will have promising results.

"Successful treatment of generalized childhood Schamberg's disease with narrowband ultraviolet B therapy."

This research article demonstrated two cases where two children had purpuric rashes. The children were placed on UVB therapy and were monitored weekly for purpuric eruptions. One of the child received 10 treatments of UVB therapy, while the other child received 20 treatments. The child that received the 20 treatments did not show signs of purpuric eruptions and the skin lesions disappeared. However, the child that received the 10 treatments, showed signs of recurrence. Most of the rash disappeared, but some of it reappeared on the body. Researchers believe that the narrowband UVB therapy used on children has proven to remove and control the skin lesions.

It is self limiting condition

1.reassurence

2.steriod cream for local application

3.moisterizer lotion

There is no standard treatment for PLC. Treatments may include ultraviolet phototherapy, topical steroids, sun exposure, oral antibiotics, corticosteroid creams and ointments to treat rash and itching.

One study identified the enzyme bromelain as an effective therapeutic option for PLC.

All of these drugs may cause severe side effects, so the patient should be closely monitored by doctors. Once the outbreaks are under control, dosage is often reduced, to lessen side effects.

If skin lesions do become infected, antibiotics may be prescribed. Tetracycline antibiotics have a mildly beneficial effect on the disease and are sometimes enough for Pemphigus Foliaceus. In addition, talcum powder is helpful to prevent oozing sores from adhering to bedsheets and clothes. Wound care and treatment is often akin to that used in burn units, including careful use of dressings that don't stick to the wounds, etc.

If paraneoplastic pemphigus is diagnosed with pulmonary disease, a powerful cocktail of immune suppressant drugs is sometimes used in an attempt to halt the rapid progression of bronchiolitis obliterans, including methylprednisolone, ciclosporin, azathioprine, and thalidomide. Plasmapheresis may also be useful.

If not treated, pemphigus can be fatal, usually from overwhelming opportunistic infection of lesions. The most common treatment is the administration of oral steroids, especially prednisone, often in high doses. The side effects of corticosteroids may require the use of so-called steroid-sparing or adjuvant drugs. One of the most dangerous side effects of high dosage steroid treatments is intestinal perforations, which may lead to sepsis. Steroids and other medications being taken to treat Pemphigus may also mask the effects of the perforations. Patients on high dosages of oral steroids should closely monitor their GI health. As lesions are usually terribly painful, it is likely that pain medication can complicate and exacerbate the GI issues caused by steroids.

Treatment is predominantly preventive. Avoidance of topical phenols and diets low in tyrosine may help. Replacement and repair of damaged tissue is also possible.

No treatment of seborrheic keratoses is necessary, except for aesthetic reasons. Since a slightly increased risk of localized infection caused by picking at the lesion has been described, if a lesion becomes itchy or irritated by clothing or jewelry, a surgical excision is generally recommended.

Small lesions can be treated with light electrocautery. Larger lesions can be treated with electrodesiccation and curettage, shave excision, or cryosurgery. When correctly performed, removal of seborrheic keratoses will not cause much visible scarring except in persons with dark skin tones.

DPN is not a premalignant condition nor is it associated with any underlying systemic disease. DPN lesions show no tendency to regress spontaneously, and often increase in size and number as an individual ages.

Sweating causes lesions to form, but lesions aggravated by sweat usually return to "normal" fairly quicklyavoiding sweat is not a reason to avoid exercise. Minor outbreaks can be controlled with prescription strength topical cortisone creams. More severe eruptions usually clear up after treatment for one to three months with Accutane or tetracycline. If these fail or the outbreak is severe, PUVA phototherapy treatments, antifungal pills and cortisone injections are alternatives.

Some research has suggested a correlation of Grover's disease with mercury toxicity in which case Dimercaptosuccinic acid might help.

DPN lesions are benign and no treatment generally is indicated unless lesions are cosmetically undesirable. Surgical options including curettage, cryotherapy and laser therapy are options Scarring, postoperative skin discoloration or keloid formation are potential complication. Therefore, conservative dpn treatment is advisable.

The most accepted way to treat PG is with the use of corticosteroids, i.e. prednisone; and/or topical steroids, i.e. clobetasol and betamethasone. Suppressing the immune system with corticosteroids helps by decreasing the number of antibodies attacking the skin. Treating PG can be difficult and can take several months. Some cases of PG persist for many years. In the" post partum" period, if necessary, the full range of immunosuppressive treatment may be administered for cases unresponsive to corticosteroid treatments, such as tetracyclines, nicotinamide, cyclophosphamide, ciclosporin, goserelin, azathioprine, dapsone, rituximumab, or plasmaphoresis, or intravenous immunoglobulin may sometimes be considered when the symptoms are severe.

There is no cure for PG. Women who have PG are considered in remission if they are no longer blistering. Remission can last indefinitely, or until a subsequent pregnancy. PG usually occurs in subsequent pregnancies; however, it often seems more manageable because it is anticipated.

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) (also known as ashy dermatosis, and dermatosis cinecienta) is an uncommon skin condition with peak age of onset being young adults, but it may also be seen in children or adults of any age. EDP is characterized by hyperpigmented macules that are ash-grey in color and may vary in size and shape. While agents such as certain medications, radiographic contrast, pesticides, infection with parasites, and HIV have been implicated in the occurrence of this disease, the cause of this skin disease remains unknown.

EDP initially presents as grey or blue-brown circumferential or irregularly shaped macules or patches that appear. While the lesions of EDP are generally non-elevated, they may initially have a slight raised red margin as they first begin to appear. These lesions usually arise in a symmetric distribution and involve the trunk, but also commonly spread to the face and extremities. EDP does not usually have symptoms beside the macules and patches of discolored skin; however, some itching in these areas may occur.

Because EDP is an uncommon disease of the skin, it is important to consider other skin diseases that may resemble erythema dyschromicum perstans, such as infectious diseases (i.e. leprosy or pinta), reaction to drugs, post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, or lichen planus pigmentosus.

There is no cure for EDP. While multiple various topical and systemic therapies have been tried, none have been consistently successful. In children, spontaneous resolution of EDP over the course of months to years is possible; however, this outcome is less likely if EDP presents in adulthood.

Erosive pustular dermatitis of the scalp (also known as "Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp") presents with pustules, erosions, and crusts on the scalp of primarily older Caucasean females, and on biopsy, has a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with or without foreign body giant cells and pilosebaceous atrophy.

Small plaque parapsoriasis (also known as chronic superficial dermatitis) characteristically occurs with skin lesions that are round, oval, discrete patches or thin plaques, mainly on the trunk.

Subtypes:

- "Xanthoerythrodermia perstans" is a distinct variant with lesions that are yellow in color.

- "Digitate dermatosis" is a distinct variant of with lesions in the shape of a finger and distributed symmetrically on the flanks.

Isotretinoin, high doses of vitamin A and tretinoin cream can be utilized. Also, emollients, oral antihistamines, and antipruritic creams that contain menthol and camphor may be helpful because the lesions can become very itchy.

The prevalence and incidence of Grover's disease have not been firmly established. In a study from Switzerland, Grover's disease was diagnosed in just 24 of more than 30,000 skin biopsies [4]. Grover's disease is mainly seen in males over the age of forty.

Grover's disease affects chiefly white adults in the fifth decade or later, and appears to be around 1.6 to 2.1 times more common in men than in women. Grover's disease appears less commonly in darker-skinned individuals.

UV irradiation can be utilized after curetting the hyperkeratosis with a combination medication treatment of oral retinoids, psoralen and Ultraviolet A radiation.

Lichen striatus (also known as blaschko linear acquired inflammatory skin eruption and linear lichenoid dermatosis) is a rare skin condition that is seen primarily in children, most frequently appearing ages 5–15. It consists of a self-limiting eruption of small, scaly papules.

Seborrheic keratosis is the most common benign skin tumor. Incidence increases with age. There is less prevalence in people with darker skin. In large-cohort studies, 100% of the patients over age 50 had at least one seborrheic keratosis. Onset is usually in middle age, although they are common in younger patients too—found in 12% of 15-year-olds to 25-year-olds—making the term "senile keratosis" a misnomer.

Commonly used dietary supplements include:

- Omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., safflower or sunflower oil)

- Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., fish oils)

- Vitamin A.

Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square meters, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers by diffusion from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.

The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance. Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels. The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.

The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia. This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance. Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.

Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on. Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.

Neutrophilic dermatosis of the dorsal hands (also known as "Pustular vasculitis of the dorsal hands") is a skin condition that presents with edematous pustular or ulcerative nodules or plaques localized to the dorsal hands.