Abstract

Canine leishmaniasis (LEESH-ma-NIGH-ah-sis) is a zoonotic disease (see human leishmaniasis) caused by "Leishmania" parasites transmitted by the bite of an infected phlebotomine sandfly. Canine leishmaniasis was first identified in Europe in 1903, and in 1940, 40% of all dogs in Rome were determined to be positive for leishmaniasis. Traditionally thought of as a disease only found near the Mediterranean basin, 2008 research claims new findings are evidence that canine leishmaniasis is currently expanding in continental climate areas of northwestern Italy, far from the recognized disease-endemic areas along the Mediterranean coasts. Cases of leishmaniasis began appearing in North America in 2000, and, as of 2008, "Leishmania"-positive foxhounds have been reported in 22 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces.

Forms and symptoms

Cutaneous

- Alopecia

- Skin lesions

- Ulcerative or exfoliative dermatitis

Visceral

- Epistaxis (nose bleeds)

- Kidney failure > increased urination and drinking

- Ocular signs

- Progressive loss of weight with decreased appetite

- Swollen lymphnodes

Cause

Numerous strains and subgenus strains of "Leishmania" exist; with sandfly genome projects still underway, strains are still being discovered.

In the Old World, leishmaniasis transmitted by sandflies of the genus "Phlebotomus" documented in dogs are:

- "L. donovani" in Sri Lanka

- "L. infantum" (began appearing dogs in the United States in 2000)

New World leishmaniasis strains are spread by "Lutzomyia"; however, research speculates the North American sandfly could be capable of spreading, but this is to date unconfirmed. Dogs are known resorvoirs of "L. infantum", and the spread of disease from dog to dog has been confirmed in the United States.

- Suspected causes of canine visceral leishmaniasis are geographic variants of the "Leishmania donovani" complex, including "L. infantum, L. chagasi" and "L. donovani".

The Mexicana ("L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. venezuelensis", and "L. pifanoi") and Viannia ("L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. panamensis" and "L. peruviana") strains are not commonly found in dogs. Subgenus Viannia strains are found only in Central and South America, all of which cause leishmaniasis in humans.

Cause | Transmission

Traditionally, canine transmission is directly from sandfly to dog. Cases in the United States have proven "L. infantum" transmission from dog to dog by direct contamination with blood and secretions, as well as transplacentally from an infected bitch to her pups. This mode of transmission seems to be unique to the "L. infantum" Mon1 strain found in the United States. Although "in utero" transmission is likely the predominant method of disease spread amount the "L. infantum" Mon1 strain, it is still a viable parasite (has not lost virulence factors associated with sandfly-uptake) which can be transmitted via sandfly bite. A Brazilian study of 63 puppies from 18 "L. donovani"-infected parents found no evidence of congential or transplacental infection.

Diagnosis

In the United States, certain breed clubs are strongly recommending screening for "Leishmania", especially in imported breeding stock from endemic locations. For reasons yet unidentified The Foxhound and Neapolitan Mastiff seem to be predisposed or at higher risk for disease. The Italian Spinone Club of America is also requesting all breeders and owners to submit samples for testing; the club reported 150 Spinone Italiano dogs have tested positive in the United States.

In the United States, the following veterinary colleges and government bodies assist with testing and treatment of "Leishmania"-positive dogs:

- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Leishmaniasis in dogs

- Iowa State University Department of Pathology

- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine

Diagnostic testing includes molecular biology and genetic techniques which provide high accuracy and high sensitivity/specificity. The most commonly employed methods in medical laboratories include Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays, aka ELISA (among other serological assays) and DNA amplification via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

The Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) method for detecting "Leishmania" DNA is a highly sensitive and specific test, producing accurate results in a relatively short amount of time.

A study completed in which Foxhounds were tested using PCR showed that approximately 20% of the tested dogs were positive for leishmaniasis; the same population tested with serological/antibody assays showed only 5% positive.

Diagnosis can be complicated by false positives caused by the leptospirosis vaccine and false negatives caused by testing methods lacking sufficient sensitivity.

Prevention

In areas where the known vector is a sandfly, deltamethrin collars worn by the dogs has been proven to be 86% effective. The sandfly is most active at dusk and dawn; keeping dogs indoors during those peak times will help minimize exposure.

Unfortunately, there is no one answer for leishmaniasis prevention, nor will one vaccine cover multiple species. "Different virulence factors have been identified for distinct "Leishmania" species, and there are profound differences in the immune mechanisms that mediate susceptibility/resistance to infection and in the pathology associated with disease."

In 2003, Fort Dodge Wyeth released the Leshmune vaccine in Brazil for "L. donovani" (also referred to as "kala-azar" in Brazil). Studies indicated up to 87% protection. Most common side effects from the vaccine have been noted as anorexia and local swelling.

The president of the Brazil Regional Council of Veterinary Medicine, Marcia Villa, warned since vaccinated dogs develop antibodies, they can be difficult to distinguish from asymptomatic, infected dogs.

Studies also indicate the Leshmune vaccine may be reliable in treating "L. chagasi", and a possible treatment for dogs already infected with "L. donovani".

Treatment

Currently, no cure exists for canine leishmaniasis, but various treatment options are available in different countries. Treatment is best coordinated with veterinary research hospitals. Treatment does vary by geographic area, strain of infection and exhibited symptoms. Dogs can be asymptomatic for years. Most common treatments include:

"L. donovani"

- Antimonial resistant

- Polyene antibiotic amphotericin B

"L. infantum"

- Amphotericin B

- Meglumine antimoniate

- Pentavalent antimonials

- Miltefosine

- Allopurinol

There have been no documented cases of leishmaniasis transmission from dogs to humans.

Research directions

In the United States, research examining the Foxhound and Neapolitan Mastiff is scheduled to continue into 2011 at the University of Iowa. The goals of this project are to screen for the presence of the "Leishmania" parasite DNA and to be a stepping stone to future research of T-cell function with the hopes of understanding canine leishmaniasis as a model for better understanding human leishmaniasis.

- Foxhound submissions forms

- Neapolitan Mastiff submission forms

Also in the United States, the CDC is monitoring Italian Spinones, with no end date indicated on sample submissions.