"Basic Features"

1- Red cell indices and blood film appearances suggest iron deficiency, although peripheral blood changes are not usually as marked as in moderate or severe iron deficiency.

2- Erythropoiesis is abnormal because of ineffective iron utilisation with poor haemoglobinisation of red cell precursors and

3- Bone marrow iron stores are normal or increased and sideroblasts may be frequent and abnormal.

"Causes"

1- Secondary anaemias

- Chronic infection/inflammation

- Malignancy

2- Thalassaemia

3- Sideroblastic anaemia

"Differentiation from iron deficiency"

The serum iron and total iron-binding capacity (transferrin) are helpful but not diagnostic; it is quiet possible to have co-existing ineffective iron utilisation and iron deficiency, as determined by bone marrow iron status, e.g. in rheumatoid arthritis.

"References"

1- Aids to clinical haematology (eds; Child J.A. and Cuthbert A.C..